1. Family & Relationships

1. In your opinion, how significant is family to you? Why?

2. How often do you spend time with your family?

3. When facing a personal challenge, do you usually share with a family member or a close friend?

4. What makes a true friend?

5. How important is it to you to spend time with your family?

6. Who do you think has had the greatest influence on your life?

   
   

   
   

2. Travel & Holidays

7. Do you prefer traveling alone or with others? Why?

8. Do you enjoy short trips or long journeys more?

9. What has been your most memorable travel experience so far?

10. What are some essential items you always take with you when traveling?

11. What is your preferred way to travel around your hometown?

12. What do you usually do to prepare for a holiday or trip?

13. If you could travel to one country in the world, where would you go?

    
    

    HOMEWORK WEEK 2

3. Sports & Fitness

14. Do you prefer team sports or individual sports?

15. What do you need to be good at team sports?

16. What do you think about extreme sports?

17. What are the most popular sports in your country?

18. How important is staying fit to you? (Why?)

4. Lifestyle & Personal Preferences

19. Do you enjoy spending time with a big group of people? (Why/Why not?)

20. If you had more free time on weekdays, how would you spend it?

21. Would you describe yourself as an optimistic person? (Why/Why not?)

22. Would you be okay with a job that requires evening work? (Why/Why not?)

23. Would you consider yourself an organized person? (Why/Why not?)

24. Do you learn better when studying in a group? (Why?)

25. What are your upcoming plans for the next few months?

26. Do you like planning parties? (Why/Why not?)

27. What activities do you enjoy in your free time? (Why?)

28. Have you celebrated anything recently? How?

HOMEWORK WEEK 3

5. Work & Study

29. What do you enjoy most about your studies or job?

30. Do you prefer working alone or in a team? Why?

31. How do you stay motivated when studying or working?

32. What skills do you think are important for your future career?

33. Do you find it easy to balance work or study with your personal life?

6. Technology & Communication

34. How often do you use social media?

35. Do you prefer texting or calling when communicating with friends? Why?

36. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet?

37. How has technology changed the way people communicate?

38. Do you think people rely too much on technology these days? Why or why not?

HOMEWORK WEEK 4

7. Home & Country

39. What do you like most about your hometown?

40. How has your hometown changed over the years?

41. Would you prefer to live in the countryside or a big city? Why?

42. What are some famous places to visit in your country?

43. How do people in your country usually spend their weekends?

8. Entertainment & Hobbies

44. What kinds of movies do you enjoy watching?

45. Do you prefer reading books or watching TV? Why?

46. What type of music do you like?

47. How often do you go to the cinema?

48. Do you play any musical instruments or sports?

49. How do you usually spend your weekends?

50. Do you prefer indoor or outdoor activities in your free time?

Nộp Bài Tại

https://forms.office.com/r/keT000n05N

- I'm going to compare the picture on the left with the one in the centre.

Similarities:

What the two pictures share is people celebrating something in happiness.

Differences:

-What makes the two photos different is Picture on the left, 3 men may be celebrating at a restaurant and they drink beer to show their joy, but/whereas/while the centre picture, the team celebrated by hugging each other tightly after victory

Q1:

-It's just possible that in the picture left, they are celebrating seeing each other again after a long time. And in the picture central they might be celebrating because they scored a goal and it seemed like they won the final.

Q2:

-All of them might be feeling very delighted and excited.

Ex: What do you think about "Part time job"

ANSWER

I think having a part time job has some advantages and disadvantages ...

RESPOND

+Agree

Ex: That is just very good point.

+Disagree

Ex: Im not sure I agree

Extend idea

EX

A: What do you think about "a large city"?

B: I Think it has greater employment opportunities.

A: I agree with you, BECAUSE there are many jobs in Hanoi.

->move to next idea

1. What would you do if you had more free time on weekdays?

2. How do you prefer to travel in your hometown?

3. What preparations do you usually make before you go on a holiday trip?

4. Would you call yourself an optimistic person?

5. If you could live anywhere in the world, where would it be?

6. Do you enjoy organising parties?

7. How important do you think it is to follow the news from around the world?

8. Is there an event in your home town which you particularly enjoy?

9. Would you say that you are a tidy person?

10. Do you think you study best when you're in a group?

11. What are your plans for the next few months?

12. How important is it for you to keep fit?

13. Do you enjoy socializing with a large group of people?

14. How do you prefer to travel in your home town?

15. Would you mind doing a job which involved some evening work? .....

16. What sort of work would you like to do in the future

17. Do you think you spend too much time working or studying?

18. Do you like using the internet to keep in touch with people?

19. Have you celebrated anything recently?

20. Who do you think has had the greatest influence on your life?

Family and Friends

21. How important do you think family is? … (Why?)

22. How much time do you spend with your family and what do you enjoy doing with them?

23. What qualities does a close friend need to possess?

24. With whom would you discuss a difficult personal situation, a family member or a close friend? … (Why?)

    Art

25. What would you say your relationship with the arts is?

26. Which kind of art are you most interested in?  (Why?)

27. When was the last time you visited a museum, gallery or exhibition? What were your impressions on this visit?

28. Who is your favourite artist? … (Why?)

Travel

29. Who do you prefer to travel with? .. (Why?)

30. Are you more fond of long or short distance travel?

31. What has been your most exciting travel experience thus far?

32. Name some things that you would never leave behind you when you travel.

Sports

33. Do you prefer team sports or individual sports?

34. What qualities do you need to possess in order to do well in a team sport?

35. What do you think about extreme sports?

36. What are the most popular sports in your country?

Celebrities

37. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of being famous?

38. Who is your favourite celebrity? .. . (Why?)

39. What would you be willing to sacrifice in order to be famous?

40. Why do you think more and more young people nowadays long for fame and money?

Sport and leisure

41. How often do you get around to working out?

42. What are the pros and cons of doing physical activity?

43. Have you ever had an amazing sporting experience?

44. Are there any times that you would rather relax to unwind from the stress of your routine rather than be active?

45. What has been your greatest sporting achievement?

Success and failure

46. What would you consider to be your greatest achievement?

47. What is success? Define it.

48. Is money an essential part of success nowadays?

49. Can massive failures ever contribute towards a person’s success?

50. Have you ever failed miserably at something?

Communication

51. How has the internet changed the way we communicate?

52. What negative effects has the internet had on our social lives?

53. Are you keen on talking on the phone? Why (not)?

54. When was the last time you sent a personal letter?

55. Which forms of communication will become obsolete?

Health

56. How important is our diet in living a healthy life?

57. Would you ever consider having cosmetic surgery?

58. Do you visit the doctor as often as you should?

59. Are people aware of the dangers of cigarettes and alcohol?

60. What is the best way of preventing or dealing with drug addiction?

Crime

61. Do you know anyone who has been a victim of crime?

62. Should any illegal substances such as cocaine be legalized?

63. What is the most serious crime one can commit?

64. What can we do to ensure that youngsters don’t get involved in criminal behaviour?

65. What is the most common crime in your region?

+Bước 2:

Đọc Dịch Transcript vào Tài Liệu được phát

Test 3 Part 1, Test 3 Part 2, Test 3 Part 3, Test 3 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 1"

+TASK 1

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+No.1. Record: Answer ALL Questions Speaking Part 1 (Topic 1&2)

1. Family & Relationships

1. In your opinion, how significant is family to you? Why?

2. How often do you spend time with your family?

3. When facing a personal challenge, do you usually share with a family member or a close friend?

4. What makes a true friend?

5. How important is it to you to spend time with your family?

6. Who do you think has had the greatest influence on your life?

   
   

   
   

2. Travel & Holidays

7. Do you prefer traveling alone or with others? Why?

8. Do you enjoy short trips or long journeys more?

9. What has been your most memorable travel experience so far?

10. What are some essential items you always take with you when traveling?

11. What is your preferred way to travel around your hometown?

12. What do you usually do to prepare for a holiday or trip?

13. If you could travel to one country in the world, where would you go?

    
    

    (Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

    +Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

    https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

    +Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

    https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1)

    
    

LISTENING

+TASK2. Dịch UNIT 1 - TRỰC TIẾP VÀO Giáo Trình Bổ Trợ Nghe Nói 3

+TASK3. Practice Test-Giáo Trình Booster

Test 1: https://forms.office.com/r/iEFehH1ARf

Test 2: https://forms.office.com/r/u7R83x7XG3

Test 3: https://forms.office.com/r/iju6SULJ85

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 2"

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+TASK 1. Record: Answer Questions Speaking Part 1 (Topic 3&4)

3. Sports & Fitness

14. Do you prefer team sports or individual sports?

15. What do you need to be good at team sports?

16. What do you think about extreme sports?

17. What are the most popular sports in your country?

18. How important is staying fit to you? (Why?)

4. Lifestyle & Personal Preferences

19. Do you enjoy spending time with a big group of people? (Why/Why not?)

20. If you had more free time on weekdays, how would you spend it?

21. Would you describe yourself as an optimistic person? (Why/Why not?)

22. Would you be okay with a job that requires evening work? (Why/Why not?)

23. Would you consider yourself an organized person? (Why/Why not?)

24. Do you learn better when studying in a group? (Why?)

25. What are your upcoming plans for the next few months?

26. Do you like planning parties? (Why/Why not?)

27. What activities do you enjoy in your free time? (Why?)

28. Have you celebrated anything recently? How?

    
    

    (Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

    7. +Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

       https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

       +Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

       https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1)

    
    

+TASK 2.Record: Answer Questions Speaking Part 2 (SET2, SET3, SET4)

(Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

7. +Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

   https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

   +Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

   https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1)

LISTENING

+TASK3. Dịch UNIT 2 - Giáo Trình Bổ Trợ Nghe Nói 3

+TASK4.Practice Test B1 Cambridge 7

Test 1: https://forms.office.com/r/VJ5nn46XQa

Test 2: https://forms.office.com/r/TURfe4kPBk

Test 3: https://forms.office.com/r/AzPjqw8sFL

Test 4: https://forms.office.com/r/3YcmBdqE6r

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 3"

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+TASK1.Record: Answer Questions Speaking Part 1 (Topic 5&6)

5. Work & Study

29. What do you enjoy most about your studies or job?

30. Do you prefer working alone or in a team? Why?

31. How do you stay motivated when studying or working?

32. What skills do you think are important for your future career?

33. Do you find it easy to balance work or study with your personal life?

6. Technology & Communication

34. How often do you use social media?

35. Do you prefer texting or calling when communicating with friends? Why?

36. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the internet?

37. How has technology changed the way people communicate?

38. Do you think people rely too much on technology these days? Why or why not?

    
    

    +Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

    +Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

    https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

    +Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

    https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

    
    

+TASK2.SPEAKING Part 2 ( SET 5, SET 6, SET 7)

+Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

+Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

+Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

LISTENING

+TASK3.Dịch UNIT 3 - Giáo Trình Bổ Trợ Nghe Nói 3

+TASK4.Practice Test B1 Cambridge 8

Test 1: https://forms.office.com/r/S1r67bwqSY

Test 2: https://forms.office.com/r/ymbzzt5uUv

Test 3: https://forms.office.com/r/G91W4ujswG

Test 4: https://forms.office.com/r/Xy3rNDUcLw

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 4"

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+TASK1.Record: Answer ALL Questions Speaking Part 1 (Topic 7&8)

7. Home & Country

39. What do you like most about your hometown?

40. How has your hometown changed over the years?

41. Would you prefer to live in the countryside or a big city? Why?

42. What are some famous places to visit in your country?

43. How do people in your country usually spend their weekends?

8. Entertainment & Hobbies

44. What kinds of movies do you enjoy watching?

45. Do you prefer reading books or watching TV? Why?

46. What type of music do you like?

47. How often do you go to the cinema?

48. Do you play any musical instruments or sports?

49. How do you usually spend your weekends?

50. Do you prefer indoor or outdoor activities in your free time?

    
    

    +Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

    +Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

    https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

    +Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

    https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

    
    

+TASK2 SPEAKING Part 3 ( SET1 SET 2)

+Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

+Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

+Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

LISTENING

+TASK3.Dịch UNIT 4 - TRỰC TIẾP VÀO Giáo Trình Bổ Trợ Nghe Nói 3

+TASK4.Practice Test B1 Extra B1
Test 1: https://forms.office.com/r/vJk8G87W6Z

Test 2: https://forms.office.com/r/351NygCr8b

Test 3: https://forms.office.com/r/96qqp3Jnqv

Test 4: https://forms.office.com/r/WnavMJyU3h

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 5"

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+TASK1.Record: Answer Questions Speaking Part 3 (SET 3 SET 4)

+Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

+Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

+Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

LISTENING

+TASK2.Dịch UNIT 5 - Giáo Trình Bổ Trợ Nghe Nói 3

+TASK3.Practice Test B2

Compact

https://forms.office.com/r/qj48jGUQDe

Booster Test 1

https://forms.office.com/r/BLGS95HAVP

GỬI MINH CHỨNG VÀO NHÓM ZALO HÀNG TUẦN ĐÚNG DEADLINE. "EM TÊN LÀ..., MSV... XIN GỬI BT TUẦN 6"

SPEAKING (SV LƯU CÂU TRẢ LỜI TẠI WORDS, DÙNG TRONG PHÒNG THỰC HÀNH MÁY)

+TASK1.Record: Answer Questions Speaking Part 3 (SET 5 SET 6)

+Thu âm câu trả lời speaking tại vocaroo.com

+Nộp Bài SpeakingTại

https://tinyurl.com/hwspeakingc1

+Dashboard (sv tự check mình đã làm):

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-hwspeakingc1

LISTENING
+TASK2.Practice Test B2

Booster Test 2

https://forms.office.com/r/n7TwxE4MY4

Booster Test 3

https://forms.office.com/r/g8ERn5Rc7T

HOMEWORK WEEK 7 UNLOCK 5 UNIT 1-2

GV check từng sv trong buổi thi GK NÓI

https://forms.office.com/r/bnpukfcKxj

SV dịch Transcript, trước khi đến lớp/phòng thực hành máy

I'm going to compare the picture on the left with the one on the right.

Similarities:

What the two pictures share is that both show people who are focusing hard on an activity that requires concentration.

Differences:

What makes the two photos different is that in Picture 1, the girl seems to be taking a test at school, sitting still and writing quietly, whereas in Picture 3, the woman is practising a yoga pose in a studio with others.

Q1: What challenges might they be facing?

It’s just possible that the girl in Picture 1 is anxious about doing well in her exam and is focused on remembering everything she has studied. Meanwhile, the woman in Picture 3 might be committed to her balance which could be physically demanding.

Q2: How might they be feeling?

The student in the first picture might be tense about her results but also intent on doing her best. In contrast, the woman doing yoga may feel overjoyed with her progress because of the group exercise.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/15AZcrZyRBFuhtjkrZ0Xtqs3Xf8X1sPFJ?usp=sharing

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vN7kupaajY2CFhk4brqhT1S0hICsVce9?usp=sharing

I'm going to compare the picture on the left with the one in the centre.

Similarities:
What the two pictures share is that both show people taking part in an event in front of others.

Differences:
What makes the two photos different is that in Picture 4, the man is running in a muddy obstacle race, which is dirty and physically difficult, whereas in Picture 5, the woman is singing on stage in a clean and bright environment.

Q1: Why might the people have entered this event?
It’s just possible that the man in Picture 4 joined the race because he enjoys challenges and wanted to test his strength. Meanwhile, the woman in Picture 5 might be taking part in a singing competition to show her talent.

Q2: How might they be feeling now?
The man in the muddy race might be feeling tired but committed to finishing, while the singer may be feeling thrilled and delighted because she is performing in front of a big audience.

Similarities:

What the 2 pictures share is that both show people on the journey, traveling somewhere.

Differences:

What makes the 2 photos different is that in picture 1, the man is in a red jeep, might be in rural area, whereas in picture 3, 3 people are hiking at sunset.

Q1:

People have chosen the car because it might be much faster and more comfortable, especially if they need to reach their destination on time. In contrast, walking is usually chosen when people want to enjoy the view, do some exercise, or when the distance is not too long.

Q2:

Being on time is more important for the people in the car because they might have an event, or something scheduled. For the person walking, time may not be so critical, since the journey itself could be more about enjoyment and relaxation.

Test 3 Part 1, Test 3 Part 2, Test 3 Part 3, Test 3 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

https://forms.office.com/r/gMEj6wSYBt

Làm Practice Test

+Bước 2:

Đọc Dịch Transcript vào Tài Liệu Bổ Trợ Phòng Máy

Test 1 Part 1, Test 1 Part 2, Test 1 Part 3, Test 1 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

Test 1 Part 1, Test 1 Part 2, Test 1 Part 3, Test 1 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

+Bước 2:

Đọc Dịch Transcript vào Tài Liệu được phát

Test 2 Part 1, Test 2 Part 2, Test 2 Part 3, Test 2 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

Test 2 Part 1, Test 2 Part 2, Test 2 Part 3, Test 2 Part 4

(KHÔNG SỬ DỤNG CÔNG CỤ DỊCH CẢ CÂU, CẢ BÀI NHƯ GOOGE DỊCH, COPY PASTE )

Làm Practice Test

https://forms.office.com/r/p3pd7gRJRf

Commentator: A rare glimpse, and it's gone. Locally known

as cendrawasih, spotting these birds of paradise in the Indonesian jungle is becoming increasingly difficult.

Local 1: The habitat of the cendrawasih bird is in danger

because of human activities which are mostly destructive.

There's illegal logging, and then there is the conversion

from tropical rainforests to agricultural plantations.

Commentator: Indonesia is home to forty one birds of

paradise species, thirty seven of which can be found in the

jungles of Papua. They are treasured by most locals and

tourists alike.

Local 2: The cendrawasih bird is very special because it

is called the bird of paradise. Its colours are unique, and

it's not like other birds. It's only found in one place, not

everywhere.

Commentator: Although authorities have banned the sale

of birds of paradise, an ever-growing illicit trade threatens

exotic birds across the archipelago. Often found smuggled

in horrific ways to other parts of Indonesia and South

East Asia.

Local 3: We ensure that the forests won't be destroyed,

and of course the cendrawasih will last. And we hope

that in the future since most of the forest in Raja Am pat is

protected. It is a protected area, we will really protect it.

Commentator: Papua boasts one third of Indonesia's

remaining rainforests and environmentalists here are

looking for solutions that will preserve the bird's habitat,

but will also boost the local economy.

Local 1: Birdwatchers provide jobs for the local people. For

example the women who are in this village, they can cook

and the men can provide homestays.

Commentator: With nearly twenty tourists visiting this area

alone each month, birdwatching may be the only chance

of survival for this colourful, exotic species.

----

Bước 1: Dịch transcript các bài Listening tại

Dịch - Nghe Nói 3 - PALDET (làm tại nhà/phòng máy) – Fill out form

Bướ 2: Làm bài tập trong Giáo Trình UNLOCK trang 16.17

were developed between the 1930s and around 1970. They include the extensive use of chemical fertilizers to improve

the quality of the soil, and pesticides to kill insects and control diseases. These techniques brought changes that

were sufficiently dramatic to earn the title 'revolution'. They produced abundant crops, especially wheat, from relatively small plots of land, and with much less labour than had previously been required. The United Kingdom alone produced over 16 million tons of wheat in 2015. That's

almost 250 kilograms of wheat per capita. There is no doubt that thousands, if not millions, have benefited from the bounty of the Green Revolution. Today, however, I want to talk to you about the next chapter - about some of the consequences of this type of intensive agriculture - and about how we, the next generation, can do a better job of conserving our most basic and most valuable resources.

--------------

Bước 1: Dịch transcript các bài Listening tại

Dịch - Nghe Nói 3 - PALDET (làm tại nhà/phòng máy) – Fill out form

Bướ 2: Làm bài tập trong Giáo Trình UNLOCK trang 19

grow huge amounts of one crop in the same fields, year after year. As I mentioned, the upside is that we get lots

of food in return for relatively little labour. Unfortunately, there is also a downside - damaging effects on the health

of the planet and the population. I want to talk about some issues through the lens of sustainability, because, let's

face it, it won't do much good to produce a lot of food if we're using up all of our natural resources or destroying the

planet in the process. Let's start by talking about natural resources. What are the most important resources in agriculture? Soil and water. I'm a professor of Agricultural Science now, but I grew up on a traditional farm, so I have seen the situation from different perspectives. On our farm, we grew a few different types of crops. On most big farms today, however, farmers grow the same crops every

year - they specialize. This kind of farming drains the soil of precious nutrients, requiring farmers to replace them

with chemical fertilizers.

My colleagues and I are working with a group of farmers to test some more sustainable techniques. Instead of

chemical fertilizers, these farmers are using animal waste.

They're also rotating crops - that is, planting different crops from year to year - and planting cover crops. It

was very difficult to persuade the farmers of the value of this last technique. A cover crop is planted for the sole purpose of improving the quality of the soil. There is

nothing to harvest and sell at the end of the season. So you can imagine how this wouldn't be considered a viable

option for some farmers - to plant a crop that would result in no revenue. Gradually, however, they began to see

how much better their cash crops grew in a field that had been filled with a cover crop the year before. Now, what are some other advantages of practices like crop rotation and the use of cover crops? Diversifying crops can reduce the number of pests, such as insects and

small animals, thus decreasing the need for pesticides. Planting cover crops can help farmers with another constant challenge - erosion. Erosion occurs when wind and water lift off the top layer of soil and carry it away. Erosion typically accompanies the conversion of wild

spaces with natural vegetation to agricultural land. The act of ploughing exposes and loosens the soil, making it

vulnerable to the forces of wind and water. The UK's soil quality has already been damaged. We have lost 84% of

our fertile topsoil since 1850. The government warns that, in the long term, this continuing erosion will affect yield

and therefore food supply. There is also an environmental impact of erosion. Eroded soil gets carried off into rivers

and streams, often causing serious damage to these waterways, which are important habitats for a wide range

of species. It's hard to talk about soil without talking about water. Agriculture uses 70% of the water used in the world

today. Some of our most important crops require massive amounts of water. To quench their thirst, we've been

drawing from underground reserves, some of which are now drying up. Clearly, this practice is not sustainable. But there is another obvious source of water - rain, right? Unfortunately, many farmers just let rainwater run off into rivers, as I just mentioned, often carrying valuable soil with it. But it doesn't have to be like this. We can conserve water and reduce erosion by altering the design of fields. Another aspect of water conservation is the retention of the soil moisture, and here again, planting cover crops can make

a huge difference. They trap surface water and prevent it from evaporating. So you see, everything in nature - the soil, the water, and the food we eat - is all interconnected. So why doesn't everybody in the world just switch to sustainable practices? Good question. One reason is that some of the costs of sustainable agriculture are higher than those of conventional agriculture, in particular, labour costs. Sustainable practices require more people to manage them. But from a global perspective, perhaps a more important issue is yield. It's long been believed that the crop yields

of sustainable farming are no match for those of modern, intensive agricultural practices - and there is some truth to this. But, with improved technology and greater knowledge, studies show that it is possible to shrink the gap between the two systems. Nevertheless, farmers aren't going to risk changing their time-tested methods without strong and direct proof that their yields won't suffer because of it.

I'll finish my talk by reporting on a recent study that compares three different forms of farming. It compared conventional methods that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides with two more sustainable approaches - one that relies on animal waste for nutrients and another that relies on crop management - the use of crop rotation and cover crops. The findings support the claim that conventional methods have higher yields than sustainable methods, but the differences were not large. Furthermore, the conventional farmers spent more to achieve that greater yield, so their profits were actually lower. When you combine those results with the environmental damage that conventional farming can cause, you really begin

to wonder why we continue with conventional farming practices at all. Well, there are some good reasons for this, and we'll explore them next time.

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hosting a panel discussion with representatives of four

organizations with differing perspectives on climate

change. Learn which parts of the world have the highest

emission rates for CO1 and other damaging greenhouse

gases. Which parts of the world have the highest per

capita emission rates? Who is to blame for damage to the

environment caused by these emissions? And how should

we hold these countries accountable? With economic

sanctions? With boycotts? We'll hear opinions on these

issues tomorrow at 2.00 pm. So join us.

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a panel of four speakers who come from a wide range of organizations and points of view. Please welcome Grace Chin from StepUp, Russell Sanchez from Fair Share, Dara Staples from Citizens for Global Justice and, finally, Vijay Gupta from the Fund for the Environmental Future. Each

of our panellists is going to make an opening statement that explains his or her organization's perspective on climate change and related issues. Then we'll open up the discussion to our audience. So, one of the most controversial issues at the United Nations' talks on climate

change in Paris was the respective roles and responsibilities of developed and developing countries in working to

combat climate change. Panellists, can you address this issue for us? Our first speaker is Grace Chin. Grace?

Grace: Thank you. Climate change is an immediate threat to the entire planet, but it's not a new problem. On the contrary, CO1 and other greenhouse gases have been accumulating for over a century, largely as a result of the human activity in developed countries. The emissions per

capita figures are quite clear. The bulk of the responsibility for global warming falls squarely on the shoulders of the

developed world. The United States has the highest per capita emissions of any major country in the world. So

shouldn't the United States and other developed nations be the ones making changes, even if those changes are

expensive? The United States is a country with enormous economic resources. It's not fair to put the burden of lowering emissions on countries when they're trying

to light their way out of poverty. For many of these countries, economic development, including the extraction

of natural resources, must remain a priority, even if the process has a negative impact on the environment. They

can't afford to change to more expensive alternative energy sources even if they're less polluting. It's the governments and citizens of the developed world who

need to step up and accept responsibility for the health of the environment.

Moderator: Thank you, Grace. And now Russell Sanchez from Fair Share.

Russell: We at Fair Share recognize the difficulties that developing countries face, and we agree that the developed world needs to provide some assistance, for

example, by buying carbon credits. However, we should keep in mind that the per capita figures that Grace cited

are somewhat misleading. Many developing countries, such as India, have huge populations. So, actually, although their per capita figures may be lower, their overall emissions rates are very high. One recent study estimated that 20 to 25 percent of annual CO1 emissions come from countries where farmers still burn forests and grasslands to prepare

their land for farming. So, those forces are accelerating climate change.

We're also losing our best hope to slow this process. The loss of trees in the Amazon rainforest, often called 'the

lungs of the world', has reduced by half the ability of the planet to absorb CO1. Overall, it's the rapid industrialization of the developing world that is bringing unprecedented levels of CO1 emissions. In the nineteenth century, we didn't know any better, but now we do. Developing

countries have what we might call a 'latecomer's advantage'. They know the consequences of their actions.

If they don't use that knowledge wisely, there have to be some repercussions - economic repercussions. Why

not organize a global boycott of any products whose manufacture causes significant negative environmental

effects? If we refuse to buy wood that comes from a forest that should still be standing, or beef that was raised

on land that was once a rainforest, perhaps developing countries will begin to make wiser choices.

Moderator: Thank you, Russell. Now we turn to Dara Staples from Citizens for Global Justice.

Dara: The position that Russell's described is deeply unfair, but I'm afraid I find the position taken by Grace's organization almost equally troubling. There is simply no

way that developing countries can be held to the same standard as countries in the developed world. They don't have adequate economic resources, and punishing them with a boycott or other economic sanctions will push

some of them even deeper into poverty. However, I also question the wisdom of encouraging developing countries

to continue on a path that could eventually lead to their own destruction. It is as much in their interest to slow climate change as it is in ours. If global warming continues

at its current pace, Bangladesh, for example, a country of 150 million people, could be under water in the not-toodistant

future. How useful will economic development and resource extraction be to the people of Bangladesh then? Russell talks of buying carbon credits - developing

countries get economic support and rich nations get the right to increase their emissions. Buying carbon credits is

just another form of exploitation in which the people of the developed world buy the right to cause environmental damage. It's not much better than the current shameful

practice of disposing of their old computers - so-called e-waste - in countries that can't afford to refuse the

money developed countries are willing to pay to dump them there. Developed nations need to provide real

support to poor countries so that their development does not come at the expense of the environment!

Moderator: Thank you very much. And finally, Vijay Gupta, from Fund for the Environmental Future, what is your

position?

Vijay: Some of what all you have said may be true, but what good is pointing fingers and blaming one another?

It's not going to help us solve this problem. The planet is warming up faster than ever. The last two years have been

the warmest on record. If we are to have any chance of slowing climate change, all countries, both developed and

developing, need to allocate more funding to this effort, even if it means diverting money from other worthwhile

projects. The bottom line is that global warming is not just continuing; it is accelerating. As several of the panellists

have suggested, there is not much point in economic development if it puts the health of our planet in danger. If we allow even a single country to increase its emissions,

the problem will only grow worse. This is not an issue we can put off until another international conference, or chip

away at gradually. We need to take immediate, dramatic and unified action if we want to preserve our world for the

next generation.

Moderator: Many thanks to all our participants. I am sure our listeners have a lot of questions, so let's open up the

phone lines and ... .

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Commentator: Pedal chic is in the air, and luxury brand

Hermes is one of the latest to turn cycling into a fashion

statement. Eight months ago, Hermes launched 'Le Flaneur'

and more recently, 'Le Flaneur Sportif'. With a carbon-fibre

frame, a silent chain and classic style, this bike costs a cool

€8,000, and Hermes is struggling to keep up with demand.

Hermes employee: Today we're in line with the objectives

we'd set. There was a real gap in the market but now with

our production in full swing we're really trying to meet.

Commentator: In Tokyo, designer bikes can sell for

€15,000. One local artisan is using his experience in yachts

manufacturing to create beautiful bicycles made from

mahogany.

Bike designer: My ancestors taught me how to manufacture

boats, and now I'm using that knowledge to make bikes.

I think it's the first time the whole world recognizes

Japanese talent in this area, that's why, even if it doesn't

make me much money, I have to keep doing it.

Commentator: Back in Paris, bicycle sellers are finding

another way of boosting sales by personalizing the

accessories that every 'posh pedaller' needs - from leather

saddle bags to hand-painted bells.

Bike seller: What we can find are these pretty bells painted

by hand in Japan. These little leather purses, these keyrings

in leather, a nice collection of lead cyclists painted by

hand, like when we were children.

Commentator: Now like a car, a watch, or a pair of shoes,

the humble bicycle is evolving into a showcase for wealth

and social status.

----

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attack

John Sparks: It's been a busy 24 hours for the engineers at

this computer lab in Moscow, here grappling with streams

of malicious code from the latest ransomware attack. They

work for cyber-security firm Kaspersky and they have

given the virus a name: X-Peter. It's more virulent than the

WannaCry attack last month, they say, with an estimated

100,000 computers infected Engineer: Well this attack is even more sophisticated than

WannaCry, so it uses several techniques which allows

it spreading more effectively in corporate network and

globally, so I think er the same amount, maybe more

companies will be attacked than WannaCry.

John Sparks: This virus is so potent, he adds, it only takes

one terminal to take down a network.

Engineer: For this attack it's possible to find one vulnerable

PCs - PC and to - to infect the rest computer in corporate

network, so it means er even if company invested a lot

of money and efforts to improve protection, but er if

corporate network includes, say, 100,000 computers, so it's

not - it's not easy to protect everything.

John Sparks: It certainly wreaked havoc and Ukraine has

borne the brunt. The ransom demand's been popping up

on bank machines and bureaucrats' desks across the nation.

Engineer: There is no any clues about IP addresses and the

original vector of infection.

John Sparks: Kaspersky's engineers won't get much sleep as

computer users wrestle with the latest threat.

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Commentator: With a successful gaming app already under his belt, Jasper Nunu has joined the growing ranks of

East Africa's whizz kids, helping to propel the region into the tech spotlight. Mutatu, a traditional two-player card game, has long been popular here in Uganda. With the

rapid growth of the smartphone market, in Kenya alone, one in five people access the web through their phones. Entrepreneurs like Jasper are building apps that cater to the needs of local markets.

Jasper: Mutatu is a very popular two-card playing game in Uganda, it's one of the ... it's actually the most popular game in Uganda right now. So umm the idea came up back in campus when we were attending a conference, and a

thought just hit us that why don't people have this game in their phones? Can we do this game?

Commentator: In 2011, Mutatu was a finalist in Google's Android Developer Challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa,

providing them with publicity and mentoring, as well as having their app posted in Google Play Store and Google

Cloud. Now, with more than 60,000 downloads, Mutatu's success is the latest sign of the region's high-tech hopes.

Interviewee 1: I like having it on the phone because I can play it any time, and even when I'm alone, I don't need to

have friends around or a group of people, I can just have it on my phone - play it any time, anywhere - and it's fun.

Commentator: From the laying of fibre-optic cables to popular mobile money systems, East Africa has experienced

a dramatic tech-hub boom, spurred on by collaborative workspaces such as Nairobi's iHub and growing international

investment. Africa has the highest concentration of young people anywhere on the planet, many of whom have at

least some disposable income. And increasingly, investors are looking to break into these lucrative local markets.

Interviewee 2: But if we can have a place whereby somebody can say when they're listing in the top five apps on their phone, will have at least one or two Kenyan or

African apps on it, I feel like that will go long way and umm encourage other young people to begin to believe that

there is more potential than what they see, and we're not just consumers of content but we're creators of it.

Commentator: If the future of computing lies in mobile, and the fastest growth in mobile comes from the developing world, many are beginning to look to African

start-ups for a taste of things to come.

problem, just print a replacement. No shoes for the

wedding? No problem, just print a pair. The technology

behind 3-D printing, the process of creating a solid

object from a digital model, has been around since the

1980s, but only recently have the costs fallen far enough,

and the computer software improved enough, to make

these scenarios more than a dream. I think some of

the most dramatic uses of 3-D printing have been in

biomedical research, where scientists have been working

on 3-D-printed organs. In these projects, the 'ink' that

the printers use is actually made of human cells. So in the

case of 3-D-printed skin, a printer builds up layers of skin

cells. You can imagine how this could help a patient with

a burn, or a wound that hasn't been healing on its own.

Other printers are creating bone, muscle, ears and even

brain tissue. Doctors and researchers have been working

on recreating human organs for years, but 3-D printing is

really an advance. For one thing, the computer software

that guides the printing process is extremely accurate, right

down to the micron - an accomplishment that human

hands cannot match. In addition, since the new organs are

often created from the patient's own cells, there is a lower

risk of rejection. This biological 3-D printing function is

the one that I am the most excited about; but the research

and testing still have a long way to go before we can

automatically include this technology among a patient's

options.

On a lighter note, 3-D printing has also entered the world

of high fashion, where designers are actively using it in

their collections. What really attracts designers is the

possibility of customizing their designs. And consumers?

Well, they're dreaming of the day when they can download

a design from the internet and print it out at home. That

day too, however, is some distance in the future, at least

until we can come up with better 'ink'. Today, the material

fed into 3-D printers is a type of plastic. It's stiffer than

fabric and not very comfortable. The cost of printing is

also too high to make this a practical form of production.

So you're more likely to find 3-D fashions on the runway

than in a department store. That said, the possibility that

this innovation could shift the production of clothing

to local centres, and away from large facilities - most of

which are now in the developing world - could seriously

disrupt the clothing industry and global markets. There is

no doubt that this technology has had, and will continue

to have, the greatest impact in the manufacturing sector,

where it's referred to as 'additive manufacturing', or

AM. In the past, the key to keeping costs low was mass

production. The more units you produced, the lower

your cost per unit. 3-D printing has the potential to turn

this equation on its head. In AM, there are no drawbacks

to printing small quantities; quite the opposite, actually. It

also completely disrupts two key elements that are part

of the foundation of manufacturing: assembly and the supply chain. Rick Smith, a 3-D entrepreneur, cites the case

of a man who was able to print an aeroplane part that had

previously consisted of 21 separate pieces, all of which

were manufactured in different factories, and then shipped

to one factory, where they were assembled. The man had

no background in manufacturing, yet he was able to print

the part as a single piece, on the spot, right where the part

was needed. What's more, by printing it as one piece, he

created a part that was five times stronger than the original

part and 83% lighter, which reduced fuel costs by 15%. So

even though the raw materials for the part were relatively

expensive, the potential cost savings more than made up

for them.

Consider the potential impact on manufacturing. No

more need for an assembly plant means no more global

supply chain. No more need to maintain stock levels or to

ship goods. Everything could just be created on demand

and on location. AM would reduce waste and shorten

supply chains, reducing our environmental footprint in the

process. It could also help us keep our stuff working for

longer. If an appliance breaks today, the cost of repairing

it is often as high as the cost of replacing it. With all of

its efficiencies, AM printing could drastically lower repair

costs, so we would need to replace equipment, even cars,

less frequently. All of this sounds like a dream come true.

So, what's the downside, you may ask? There always is

one, of course. Although I mentioned the positive impact

AM could have on the environment, it could also have

the opposite effect. First of all, the plastic that is used

in most 3-D printers has a long supply chain and most of

it, though not all, is petroleum-based. Also, printing that

is this easy could encourage our already casual attitude

towards the disposal of possessions. Don't like your shoes?

Throw them out and print a new pair. But that old pair will

have to end up somewhere. So I worry that along with

all its advantages, 3-D printing may bring an explosion of

junk. There is also the potential for abuse. The technology

might be so easy to use that you could just download

instructions and print something dangerous - like a gun.

Already criminals have printed parts for bank machines

in order to withdraw money illegally. So yes, there'll be

problems, but I want to end my talk by stressing that in

spite of these concerns, I am optimistic and excited about

the possibilities presented by this 3-D printing technology.

Some have predicted that it will trigger the third industrial

revolution. Is this an exaggeration? Perhaps, but then again,

perhaps not.

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are part of the foundation of manufacturing: assembly and

the supply chain. Rick Smith, a 3-D entrepreneur, cites the

case of a man who was able to print an aeroplane part that

had previously consisted of 21 separate pieces, all of which

were manufactured in different factories, and then shipped

to one factory, where they were assembled. The man had

no background in manufacturing, yet he was able to print

the part as a single piece, on the spot, right where the part

was needed. What's more, by printing it as one piece, he

created a part that was five times stronger than the original

part and 83% lighter, which reduced fuel costs by 15%. So

even though the raw materials for the part were relatively

expensive, the potential cost savings more than made up

for them.

Consider the potential impact on manufacturing. No more

need for an assembly plant means no more global supply

chain. No more need to maintain stock levels or to ship

goods. Everything could just be created on demand and

on location.

----

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this special presentation event that marks the end of our

semester. The topic that students explored in this project

is planned obsolescence. The students formed four groups,

and each group investigated and will report on a different

aspect of this phenomenon. Each group is represented by

one of its members. We'll start with group one and Robert,

who is going to help us understand the concept in general.

Robert?

Robert: I want to begin by defining what planned

obsolescence means. This term describes a deliberate

design policy. It means that a product is designed to

become obsolete - to break, fail, become outdated, or

go out of fashion - in a set - and usually relatively short -

period of time.

As you might imagine, the purpose of planning a product's

obsolescence is to make sure that consumers will have

to buy new products on a regular basis. So planned

obsolescence is a design, marketing, and financial policy

all rolled into one. Now it's easy to think of this process

as a plot devised by large corporations to take advantage

of consumers. And there is certainly some evidence to

support this point of view. However, it's also important

to see the other side of the issue, especially within

the tech sector, where things change very rapidly. It

wouldn't make sense to build a piece of equipment to

last for twenty years when the technology it uses will

probably be replaced in a year or two. In this way, planned

obsolescence may have the positive effect of encouraging

innovation. You could also argue that there is a consumer

benefit because making products stronger, more durable,

would probably push prices out of reach for many consumers. That said, most consumers resent planned

obsolescence. Besides the financial burden of constantly

having to buy new things, people also point to the

enormous amount of waste it generates, waste that has to

be put somewhere. I hope this gives you the general idea

of the issues around planned obsolescence. The next two

groups will provide us with some specific examples.

Angela: We're surrounded by products that are designed to

become obsolete, especially anything that involves new

technology. Some products are actually designed with a

finite lifespan; others could last much longer, but their

design makes it either impossible or impractical to extend

their life. Not surprisingly, consumer electronics top this

list. Let's start with phones. Some people run out to get

the newest model as soon as it comes on the market,

because they truly are early adopters, eager to own the

newest gadgets. For many of us, however, upgrading isn't

a choice but, rather, a matter of necessity. Phones are

complex devices and companies have made it difficult for

people to repair them on their own. Something as simple

as replacing the battery is often the biggest obstacle to

a longer product life. For some phones, the price of the

new battery is very close to the price of a new phone,

leading many customers to conclude that they might as

well upgrade.

In other devices, software upgrades, issued automatically,

and often with no warnings, may actually impair the

performance of older models. Or you may find that

the software company no longer supports your older

version at all. You have to upgrade the hardware, and with

a hardware upgrade, a software upgrade may become

necessary, too. You have no choice but to keep trading

up. But, as Celia will explain, technology products are

really just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to product

obsolescence. Celia?

Celia: Thank you. So, Angela's given you some examples of

obsolescence in the tech sector, but we also encounter

this phenomenon in the world of clothing, where it's

referred to as 'fast fashion'. Fast fashion is a relatively

recent trend in which designers and manufacturers try to

move fashions from the runway to retail outlets as quickly

as possible. It also involves responding immediately to

consumer preferences. This is how it works. A clothing

company spots a trend, say, white lacy blouses are selling

quickly at their shops in London. An order is placed for

hundreds of white lacy blouses, which appear on shelves

two weeks later, encouraging the trend. A few months

later, nobody is buying white lacy blouses, but many

customers have bought ripped black jeans. So another

order is placed, and suddenly ripped black jeans are

everywhere.

Some companies have become so good at this that they

can design, manufacture, and have clothing on shop

shelves in just two or three weeks at a very low cost. The

quality standards for the material in this clothing are low,

and manufacturing is done in locations where labour costs

are also low, resulting in cheap but low-quality products.

Yet this hasn't slowed sales. On the contrary, the low prices

and perhaps, ironically, even the low quality, encourage

consumers to buy more and more. Their attitude seems

to be: 'This will be out of fashion by next year, but it's so

cheap, who cares if it falls apart in a couple of months? I'll

just buy the next big thing.' Without a doubt, fast-fashion

businesses generate enormous profits, but they also generate a lot of waste - so much that some people have

begun to refer to their products as 'landfill fashion'.

Mark: We're going to end this presentation by discussing

some of the consumer backlash to planned obsolescence.

There is an ongoing battle between big tech companies

and consumers who want to modify or repair their devices.

Manufacturers try to prevent this by limiting access to

parts and repair information, and by using digital locks. In

some cases there are penalties for even trying to open up

the back of a phone or a tablet: the warranty is no longer

valid or the company will refuse to make any subsequent

repairs. In response, a consumer-led movement has risen

to share knowledge that allows people to circumvent

these restrictions. The organization ifixit.org argues that

consumers have the right to repair their own possessions

and that manufacturers should give them access to

the information that they need to do so. They share

information about how to fix products and how to get

around the obstacles that manufacturers place in the

way of repairs. There are numerous similar websites and

biogs that promote the idea of repairing, reusing, and

recycling possessions. Other sites, such as buymeonce.

com, recommend products that will last and permit repairs,

and they also offer tips on maintaining your high-quality

products so you can hold on to them for a long time. Their

goal is to reduce waste of all kinds.

We've only had a short time today to present you with a

lot of material. We have lots of other examples and links

to organizations. We would be happy to share more of

our research or answer any questions you have about this

topic. Thank you.

----

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the needs of law enforcement agencies in combatting crime. We've heard the views of senior figures in law enforcement,

as well as those of technology companies and experts in the fields of law and technology. But what about the views of

ordinary people, the people who are affected when either their privacy is threatened, or those whose livelihoods are

threatened by criminals? To find out, we've invited six people to participate in this forum and share their thoughts. We'll

take questions and comments from listeners at the end of the programme.

Before we bring in our guests, however, let's talk about the two questions that we're going to ask them. Our first question is: should communication companies be compelled to hand over information about the activities of private individuals to the police in the interest of fighting crime?

This question addresses the millions of records that these companies have - names, contacts, IP addresses, etc. - so

called metadata, but also actual content. for example, what people said in phone conversations or in text messages,

and information they have stored on their devices, such as lists of contacts.

Our second question addresses a different but related issue: should technology companies be compelled to help law enforcement agencies break into the electronic devices of private individuals, again, in the interest of fighting crime?

So, we're asking whether tech companies should have to write computer code to create a 'back door', that is, a way to circumvent the encryption of information on the devices that they make.

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industry. Joel, should companies have to hand over

information about their customers7

Joel: Absolutely. The police should have as much

information as possible in order to keep us safe. We need

to keep one step ahead of serious criminals and organized

crime. Host: And should they be required to help the police break

into private devices?

Joel: Well. I'm not so sure about that one. That may be

crossing the line.

Host: Lauren, a high school teacher here in town. is next.

Should companies have to hand over information about

their customers? What do you think?

Lauren: Well, if I have a contract with a private company for

phone service or web access or whatever, that's between

me and the company. They shouldn't give out information

about me to anyone. That's what I think, but, I'm not sure

it matters. You know tech companies are already doing it.

A recent report showed they've actually been doing it for

years.

Host: Then I suppose your answer to the second question

would be ...

Lauren: Don't get me started. If we're worried about crime

the last thing we should do is make these companies

write code to circumvent the encryption. If there's a back

door for the government, then you can be sure that all

kinds of criminals - well, they'll find a way to get access

to it too. Think of all the information you have on your

digital devices - financial information, passwords, scans of

your passport. A back door is an invitation to thieves and

fraudsters to steal your identity. Encryption is the only

thing that is protecting us.

Host: OK. we'll see whether our next guest agrees with you.

This is Dave and he's a police officer. Dave. as somebody

involved in fighting crime what are your thoughts?

Dave: Most people just don't understand. Law enforcement

is made more difficult without access to this kind of

information. I've had cases when I couldn't arrest a criminal

because of some law about his privacy. If the criminals

know more than we do, how can we protect good, lawabiding

people? Isn't public safety more important than

privacy?

Host: Is it important enough to make tech companies break

into our devices?

Dave: No doubt in my mind. If we have to give up a little

bit of freedom and privacy for the sake of protecting your

average citizen. so be it. Information is power these days.

and law enforcement doesn't have enough of it. Without

access to communications we can only ever catch the

low level players - and we can't prevent the crime - we

get the information after the fact. The crime bosses who

are planning the crimes, it takes months, years of work to

bring one of them down - they don't commit the crimes

themselves - so without evidence from surveillance

that's admissible in court we don't have a hope of putting

them away.

Host: Let's hear from somebody with some legal expertise.

Karina is a lawyer. Karina?

Karina: To my mind, if the government wants my data,

it should have to ask me for it or get a warrant. The

law requires this. So, if there is a convincing need for

the information. and if a judge gives the government

permission, then yes, I think this is perfectly legitimate.

Host: And do you think we should ask tech companies for

help in cracking private devices?

Karina: Absolutely not. What everybody needs to

understand is that in your first question. you're asking

about information that the communications company actually has. But in the second question, you're asking if

the tech company should be forced to write new software

to break into an encrypted phone and get information.

That is an entirely different story. The information on that

phone doesn't belong to the tech company; it belongs

to a private individual. Another thing: if law enforcement

agencies really wanted to get information off a particular

device, you know they could find a way to do it.

Host: OK, Tony. your turn to weigh in. Tony is a small

business owner.

Tony: I think we need to do everything we can to help the

government and the police put a stop to organized crime.

so my answer is yes, tech companies should hand over

any information the government asks for. But breaking

into people's phones? Well. I think that's kind of odd - not

just odd - ifs disturbing that our agencies can't already

do this. Why do the police have to ask tech companies

for help? I think the majority of these agencies have their

own experts. don't they? Karina there, she said she thinks

they do have the expertise ... But I guess if they don't, then

maybe the tech companies do have an obligation to help -

if ifs really a matter of serious crime going unpunished.

Host: Finally we come to Miku, a data analyst, who might be

able to give us some insight from the tech side.

Miku: I think if the information is limited to metadata -

you know - phone numbers, dates, times - that kind of

thing. ifs fine, but I wouldn't want them to hand over the

actual content of text messages or things like that. And I

definitely don't think we should be asking tech companies

to break into people's devices. Look. the police are trying

to make it look as if this is a trade-off between privacy

and public safety. That might be true if we were talking

about the physical world - like unlocking the door to

your apartment. But the digital world isn't like that. Any

technology expert can tell you that if a company gives the

government the key to the back door of one phone, ifs

the same thing as giving up the key to thousands of other

phones. Doing that would actually make all of us much less

secure, not more secure.

Host: OK, we've heard the views of our guests here tonight.

Now let's hear from you. Call the station to tell us what

you think. OK, I see we have our first caller. Yes, caller,

go ahead.

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to this talk in our series on technology and privacy. Our

speaker today is Hana Tanaka, who is an expert in the field.

She's going to explain how some of the technology works

and then talk about sensible steps you can take to protect

your privacy when you use the internet. Hana?

Hana Tanaka: Thank you. I want to start with a slide.

It shows data from a survey, and indicates only about

nine percent of respondents believe they have 'a lot of

control' over their information. I think we can conclude

that we have a problem. So. today. I want to add to that

percentage by helping you gain a bit more control over

your 'digital footprint'.

So, you've probably all had this experience: you're surfing

the internet; maybe you're looking for some new camera

equipment. There's a new lens you really want, but ifs a bit expensive, so you decide to put it off for a while. Maybe

you'll be able to afford it next month. You move on. Later,

you're reading an online newspaper or blog and then, barn!

An advert for that lens you want appears on your screen.

Quite scary isn't it? I mean, how did they do that? How

do they know what you were looking at on a completely

different website7 Well, that's what I want to talk about

today. What you experienced is called 'behavioural

targeting'. With every click, you create and expand an

online profile of your desires, preferences and behaviour.

Companies track your browsing activity and use it to send

you advertisements that target you specifically. Their hope

is that by understanding what you like and want, they can

send you adverts which you're more likely to click, for

products and services that you're more likely to buy. How

did all this begin? Well, it actually started with you, the

web user, in mind. Let's be honest, when a website tracks

and remembers where you've been, it can be pretty useful,

can't it? You start typing the name of a website you've

visited before in the search bar and it automatically fills the

rest of it in for you. Or, if you can't remember the name

of the site, you can check your browsing history, and there

it is. You don't want to fill in your information every time

you visit a site? No problem. It's all saved for you when you

come back. The primary tool that companies use to track

and remember you is the cookie.

A cookie is a small text file, which is downloaded onto

your browser when you visit a site. It saves information

about what you do while you're on the site. Cookies

were first developed when online retailers were looking

for a way to make shopping easier for customers. You've

probably all used an online shopping basket, haven't you?

Well, cookies are what make that basket possible. Without

cookies, the basket couldn't collect the items you select.

The site would forget them as soon as you left to go to a

new page. But with cookies, you can even think it over and

come back the next day. The items are still in your basket.

So cookies are clearly useful. In general, cookies have made

it possible to personalize the user experience in a way

that makes searching and using the internet more efficient

and satisfying.

That's how cookies work within a single website. The

scary part starts when they cross over to other websites.

Advertising companies that have hundreds of clients can

connect cookies all across the web. For example, if you

click on an advert when you visit a website, then another

cookie is sent to your browser by the advertiser. This is

sometimes called a third-party cookie. Now, every time

you visit another site that has advertisements from the

same company, the cookies can be traced back to you.

As you surf and shop your way around the internet, these

cookies eventually build a profile of your preferences and

interests. It shows when and where you clicked and how

long you spent on each page, all of which is very valuable

information for companies that want to sell you services

and products, like that camera lens.

One final cookie issue that you should be aware of is that

some cookies are transmitted over a secure network; that

is, they're sent in a type of code. These are usually called

secure cookies, and many retail sites use these. Non-secure

cookies, in contrast, are vulnerable to theft. If somebody

grabs one of these during transmission, it can be used for

the purpose of identity theft. Some of the most popular

sites on the web use non-secure cookies. I think more sites will probably move to secure cookies in the future, but for

now, only about half of all websites use secure cookies.

So now you know a little bit about how it all works.

Maybe you're thinking you should stop using the internet

altogether! Don't despair! I'm going to give you some

advice about a few easy ways to manage and protect your

privacy without going offline. And a lot of people are

taking steps to protect themselves. In a recent survey,

86% of the respondents had taken some steps to erase

their 'digital footprint'. So it's clear that people are starting

to take action to protect themselves.

Many of the tools you need are right there on your

browser, or are offered by individual websites. You just

need to actively choose to use them. For example, you

may be asked for your permission to let the browser

know where you are and where you're going. You may be

asked to turn on or enable your cookies. We get so many

long and often complicated messages that we often just

click 'yes' or 'I agree' because it's too much trouble to do

anything else. If that describes you, then you need to

become a more educated internet user and make more

informed decisions. You should say 'no' if you don't want

that company to store information about you.

Most browsers have a setting that allows you to disable

cookies, preventing sites from collecting information on

your web activities. But you may not want to disable this

feature all the time; in which case, you can simply delete

your browsing history - for the past week, month, year

- or from the beginning of time, giving you some level

of control over what information can be collected and

stored. Most browsers also have an option that allows you

to surf incognito, which means no information is collected

on your activity. But remember, this means you will also

get none of the benefits of that stored information. Finally,

there are alternative browsers, ones which don't collect or

store any data about users and their activities. If you take

some of these steps, you'll probably be OK - or at least

less vulnerable.

However, these cookies are just the first weapon in an

online retailer's arsenal. There are other, more sophisticated

methods for recording user activity, including ones that are

more difficult for users to manage and control. Some tools,

such as so-called f1ash cookies, also store information

about you, but they're stored outside of your browser.

And web beacons, tiny invisible graphics on web pages,

can tell the server you're on a specific page, and these are

not removed when you clear your cookies or browsing

history. No doubt, tech privacy experts will soon catch up

with these developments and find ways to counter them

as well.

To sum up, you can't control everything, but you can take

charge of some aspects of your privacy and online identity.

I hope that this talk's given you some useful information

and tools. And remember, think before you click!

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model fundamentally changes a market. The classic example is the personal computer, which was pioneered

by IBM, a company that had previously dominated the market for large mainframe computers. The company's primary customers had been businesses. With IBM's new smaller model however, computers became accessible to

an entirely new group of customers - individuals, which changed the market forever. The internet has become the engine of disruptive innovation in dozens of markets, from travel to publishing

to insurance. By creating a system of universal access, the internet effectively redefined many business transactions.

model fundamentally changes a market. The classic example is the personal computer, which was pioneered

by IBM, a company that had previously dominated the market for large mainframe computers. The company's primary customers had been businesses. With IBM's new smaller model, however, computers became accessible to

an entirely new group of customers - individuals, which changed the market forever. The internet has become the engine of disruptive innovation in dozens of markets, from travel to publishing

to insurance. By creating a system of universal access, the internet effectively redefined many business transactions.

By universal access, I mean two things: firstly, suddenly anyone with a computer and a network connection could access all kinds of information - information that

had previously only been available to professionals who acted as 'middlemen' in transactions between businesses

and their customers. Massive amounts of information were dumped onto the web for individual consumers to see and use. And secondly, networks among individuals

were now possible. Buyers and sellers no longer needed intermediaries. They could connect directly to one other.

As a result, most people no longer bothered with these intermediaries - the middlemen. Why use a travel agent?

Airfares and hotel rates could now all be found on the internet. The public also began to abandon insurance agents and even their banks, instead going directly to the internet to find products and services. Sellers also changed the way they did business. Musicians could sell their songs

directly to the public. Authors didn't need publishers. Small manufacturers no longer needed big retailers to carry their

products. They could sell directly to customers from their own websites.

This revolution introduced two new business models. Firstly, we have aggregators; these are businesses, such as

Amazon, which bring together every product imaginable and make them available with one click. Customers no

longer have to visit different websites, let alone different shops, to get everything they need. Travel sites, such as

Expedia and Kayak, aggregate information on dozens of airlines and car rentals, and thousands of hotels, allowing

customers to compare and make their choices from a single site.

This model is perhaps just a larger, more elaborate online version of the supermarket or department store, but in

the second business model, referred to as peer-to-peer (or P2P) retail, there is more of a departure from the past. In

peer-to-peer businesses, all traces of the middleman are truly gone. Customers don't even bother with a hotel at all.

Instead, they rent a room from another private individual.

They don't rent a car from a car rental company; they rent it from another person. These peer-to- peer transactions

are facilitated by a new breed of start-up companies. To find a room to rent, there are companies like Airbnb. To

get a lift, you can go through Uber. To buy a pair of jeans, a toaster, or even a car from another individual, the public

can turn to online market sites like eBay.

The key element shared by these two models is new technology. The internet has allowed universal access, but

in addition, it's allowed the automation of transactions, reducing what Bill Gates referred to as 'friction' in the

market. With online transactions, there is no need for people, no need for interaction, which could slow things

down. Just a series of clicks. In 1995, Gates predicted that online markets might allow for 'frictionless capitalism'; in

other words, the smooth and easy exchange of goods and labour, with no middleman and no transaction costs.

So, has his prediction come true? Well, yes and no.

The elimination of the middleman has indeed reduced costs generally. And it is true that the number of these intermediaries has dropped significantly. There are far fewer travel agencies today than there were 25 years ago.

But some problems emerged with the disappearance of the middleman - starting with a lack of trust. How do consumers know if an individual seller on eBay is honest, for example? It's not like the old days when they ordered products from a familiar and reliable shop. Furthermore,

the massive amount of information a consumer encounters online may lead to indecision, in some cases, even decision-making paralysis. There is so much

information available that consumers just don't know what to do with it. Part of the problem is sheer volume, and part

of it is that all this raw information can be difficult for end users to interpret. How are ordinary consumers to make sense of this information overload ?

In fact, what they need is ... a middleman to sift through it all - all the news, all the data, all the songs, all the prices,

all the products. The buzzword for this sifting activity is 'curation'. Customers want somebody to help make intelligent choices in this sea of information, and curation can help them do this. This need has created an entirely new set of businesses. Paul English, who founded and later sold the online travel aggregator Kayak, is still in the travel business. His latest venture is a travel app that provides

all of the information available on other sites, but with one difference. It also offers the services of travel agents - humans who will help customers make decisions. These new 'curators' have become experts at harnessing the power of the internet. And as far as re-establishing trust

is concerned, wary eBay customers can now turn to what are often referred to as 'power sellers', - participants who

act as intermediaries on the site, buying and selling large volumes of items. In the process, these power sellers build

a reputation so that other participants generally trust them more than they trust individual small-scale sellers. A final

casualty of the elimination of the middleman has been luxury. Some customers want more than curation, more

than just a little guidance. They want a middleman who will actually do everything for them. The buzzword for what these customers want is a 'concierge', and yes, the internet can provide this too. Concierge apps like AnyWysh

will make your travel arrangements, do your errands, and arrange deliveries.

And so disruptive innovation has brought us full circle. The internet and accompanying technology have successfully eliminated the middleman in a wide range of markets, only

to have the public realize that middlemen actually add value to the transaction, value that they miss.

professor told me that you're all interested in becoming entrepreneurs for social good, and so she thought it might be a good idea for you to learn something about the non-profit sector. I'll start by talking a little bit about the basics of a non-profit organization, then offer a few tips

for those of you who are seriously thinking of going in that direction. I hope this will give you a good overview. I also hope that by the end, some of you will be convinced

to enter the non-profit world. It's a place where you can use your business skills to make the world a better place.

I started in this business after a trip to Haiti, following the 2010 earthquake. I saw so much suffering and need there,

especially among the children. I wanted to do something to give them more opportunity. There are many different kinds of non-profit organizations,

established for many different purposes, but we usually think of them as having worthy aims - they're established

to achieve some sort of social good. This may seem obvious, but the most important aspect of a non-profit is its mission. You really need to be able to express clearly

and concisely the purpose of your organization. With for-profit businesses, the mission is easy to describe.

They're in the business of making money. Unlike a for profit organization, however, all of the revenue, that is, all the donations, grants, etc., in a non-profit organization,

must be returned to the organization. Most of the money should be used for the organization's programmes, although some of it, obviously, must be used to actually

run the organization. I'll return to that point a little later, but I want to stop and talk about what we mean by 'programmes' because this is where, unfortunately, some

organizations have abused their non-profit status.

An organization's programmes are the activities that provide direct benefits to the people whom the organization is trying to help, for example, teenagers

receiving job training, disaster victims who need medical assistance, etc. However, organizations can, and sometimes

do, include other activities in their programmes, but this is where you need to be very careful. One well-known

example is the Central Asia Institute, a charity with the mission of building schools in Afghanistan. It was getting

lots of donations until it was revealed that included among its 'programmes' were activities to promote the director's

books and lectures. That caused a very damaging backlash against the organization.

Although we call these organizations non-profits, this term is somewhat misleading. It's absolutely essential that the money coming into a non-profit is greater than

its expenses; otherwise, it won't be able to help anyone. In other words, the organization needs to make money.

What a non-profit cannot do, however, is create and distribute equity. A company's equity basically means its value, for shareholders, or owners. But a non-profit

has no shareholders and no owner. Perhaps the biggest organizational difference between a non-profit and a forprofit enterprise is that no single person controls it. Boards of directors, generally composed of at least five members,

have oversight of the operation of the organization.

So that tells you about some of the nuts and bolts of running a non-profit, but I know that all of you are more interested in how you can get started on turning your

dreams into reality. Well, you may think that the starting point is your fabulous idea, but the real starting point is

money. Money is what makes the wheels of commerce turn, and the same can be said of non-profits. But you're not going to be selling anything - not technically - so

where will the money come from? The answer can vary, depending on the organization, but non-profits rely

heavily on fundraising, so you need to accept this as a fact of life, right from the start. A lot of money comes

from individual donors. Some non-profits also receive funding from corporations and private foundations others receive funding from the local, state, or federal

government. Whatever the source, I cannot stress enough that fundraising is the lifeblood of a non-profit. The more

money you raise, the closer you'll come to reaching your goals. Running a non-profit is a little bit like having a child that is always hungry! I do want you to have a realistic perspective, but I also want you to hold on to your dreams and don't let go just

because this is hard. Anyone can go into an established business. Some people can manage a successful start-up, but only a very special type of person can establish and manage a successful start-up for social good. And I believe that all of you are among those special people.

To help you on your road to success, I want to offer some of the lessons that others in this sector have already

learned. So, let me give you a few words of advice. Make sure you understand and can articulate your mission. For example, our mission here is to provide inspiration

and administrative support for new non-profits that serve children in need. Once you are sure of your mission,

protect it. You're here because you believe in a cause. Sometime in the future, you may be offered funding by a donor or by a foundation for something that falls outside

the scope of your mission. You will be tempted to take it, especially if it's a lot of money, but don't do it. You'll end

up trying to do too many things and doing none of them well. More importantly, you won't be doing what you set out to do.

Invest in administration and development. This may sound like strange advice, but non-profits, like for-profit companies, need to innovate, and they need to lead. They

can't do those things on a starvation budget. This doesn't mean you should pay everybody on your staff a fat salary,

but you do need to invest in the operational side of your organization if you want to be effective and you want to

succeed in the long term.

I mentioned the need for innovation. Today's most successful new non-profits are changing the way this sector works. Instead of relying exclusively on the goodwill of donors, they're learning from the for-profit sector about how to harness market forces, but for social good. Authors

and non-profit experts Crutchfield and Grant express it this way, 'Great non-profits find ways to work with markets

and help business do well while doing good.' I hope this introduction has been helpful to you as you make decisions about your future. My years working in the

non-profit world have been the most-rewarding of my life.

There is no better way to make your mark on the world, so I hope some of you will step up and join me!

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4. Nộp bài: Hoàn thành các câu hỏi phỏng vấn để AI đánh giá tổng quan năng lực, sau đó hệ thống tự động lưu kết quả về cho giáo viên.

Ứng Dụng

https://tinyurl.com/b2-jobinterview

SV chọn 2 công việc phù hợp nhất để hoàn thành

Dashboard

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-b2-jobinterview

+TASK 1 LISTENING

1. Listening Booster CAE Test 1

   
   

+TASK 2 SPEAKING

1. ....

2. ....

+TASK 3 VIDEO

1. NGHE 2 VIDEO 1 & 2 giáo trình UNLOCK 5, dịch và làm tập theo yêu cầu

+TASK 1 LISTENING

1. Listening Booster CAE Test 2

   
   

+TASK 2 SPEAKING

1. ....

2. ....

+TASK 3 VIDEO

1. NGHE 2 VIDEO 3 & 4 giáo trình UNLOCK 5, dịch và làm tập theo yêu cầu

+TASK 1 LISTENING

1. Listening Booster CAE Test 3

+TASK 2 LISTENING PRACTICE REVIEW

1. Listening Booster CAE Test 1

2. Listening Booster CAE Test 2

3. Listening Booster CAE Test 3

+TASK 3 MID-TERM LISTENING TEST

🎯 NHỮNG TÍNH NĂNG NỔI BẬT:

1. Giao diện "Linh Hoạt" (Flexi Workspace): - Thiết kế tối ưu, phân chia rõ ràng từng phần: câu hỏi gợi ý, từ vựng, và không gian viết nháp, giúp các em dễ dàng theo dõi và thao tác mà không cần cuộn trang nhiều lần.

2. Hệ Thống Cứu Trợ Thông Minh (Smart 6-Step Guide):

   • Thay vì chỉ có câu hỏi trống rỗng, hệ thống tích hợp sẵn 6 bước hướng dẫn trả lời cho từng chủ đề (Topic/Question). Giúp các em không còn cảm giác "bí" ý tưởng và luôn đi đúng hướng.

3. Trợ Lý AI "Sửa Ngữ Pháp" Văn Minh:

   • Sau khi nhập dàn ý vào bảng, chỉ cần bấm nút "✨ AI Sửa Ngữ Pháp", các em sẽ nhận được ngay một đoạn văn bản được AI tinh chỉnh lại cho chuẩn ngữ pháp và tự nhiên, nhưng vẫn giữ nguyên văn phong cá nhân của chính mình.

4. Công Nghệ Ghi Âm Liền Mạch (Continuous Recording):

   • Nút Micro đỏ rực sẽ duy trì xuyên suốt trong toàn bộ quá trình các em nói. Các em có thể thoải mái dừng lại suy nghĩ, hít thở, Micro sẽ tự động giữ kết nối, đảm bảo không bỏ lỡ bất kỳ câu chữ nào của bài làm.

5. Giám Khảo AI Cambridge & Tự Động Nộp Bài:

   • Sau khi nộp bài, hệ thống sẽ đưa ra đánh giá chi tiết dựa trên 6 tiêu chí chấm điểm của Cambridge.

   • Toàn bộ kết quả và điểm số sẽ được tự động lưu trữ và gửi thẳng về bảng quản lý của thầy, giúp các em không cần thao tác thủ công phức tạp.

📝 CÁCH THỨC SỬ DỤNG TRÊN PHÒNG MÁY:

1. Định danh: Nhập đầy đủ Họ và tên, Mã sinh viên, Lớp để hệ thống ghi nhận kết quả.

2. Chọn đề: Lựa chọn chủ đề Speaking Part 1 cần luyện tập.

3. Soạn & Kiểm tra: Viết dàn ý vào bảng, bấm nút AI để nhận bản chỉnh sửa hoàn thiện.

4. Tác chiến: Nhìn vào bản sửa, bấm Micro và thực hiện bài nói của mình.

5. Nộp bài: Nhấn "Nộp bài" để nhận kết quả chấm điểm từ AI ngay lập tức!

Speaking C1 Part 1

https://tinyurl.com/c1speakingpart1-ver10

Dashboard

https://tinyurl.com/dashboard-c1speakingpart1