EARLY RIVER CIVILIZATION by

The map of the Yellow River

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The Huang He, also known as the Yellow River found in the North. The Huang He, whose name means “yellow river,”.

Environmental Challenges

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The Shang Dynasty changed their capital numerous times because of environmental problems (floods), hostile neighbors, or because they were a semi-nomadic people used to moving .

The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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The map of the first dynasty

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the first Chinese dynasty, the Xia (shyah) Dynasty, emerged around 2000 B.C.

The Map of the Shang dynasty

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The Shang Dynasty lasted from around 1700 B.C. to 1027 B.C. It was the first family of Chinese rulers to leave written records. The Shang kings built elaborate palaces and tombs that have been uncovered by archaeologists. The artifacts reveal much about Shang society.

Among the oldest and most important Shang cities was Anyang , one of the capitals of the Shang Dynasty.

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Unlike the cities of the Indus Valley or Fertile Crescent, Anyang was built mainly of wood.

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CIVILIZATION EMERGES IN SHANG TIMES

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The Huang He, or Yellow River, is named for the color of its silt. This silt nurtured early development of Chinese civilization and is still a vital resource today.

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Shang peoples needed walled cities because they were constantly waging war.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE CULTURE

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In the Chinese view, people who lived outside of Chinese civilization were barbarians

The family was central to Chinese society. The most important virtue was respect for one’s parents. It was organized by having 5 generations of families in the household, and the oldest person there was in charge and would chose who there son, daughter granddaughter, grandson etc. Who to marry and also they decided what punishment to give them if they were bad and sometimes the punishment were very strict.

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Shang society was sharply divided between nobles and peasants.A ruling class of warrior-nobles headed by a king governed the Shang. These noble families owned the land. They governed the scattered villages within the Shang lands and sent tribute to the Shang ruler in exchange for local control.

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FAMILY

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SOCIAL CLASSES

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RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

In China, the family was closely linked to religion. The Chinese believed that the spirits of family ancestors had the power to bring good fortune or disaster to living members of the family. The Chinese did not regard these spirits as mighty gods. Rather, the spirits were more like troublesome or helpful neighbors who demanded attention and respect. Every family paid respect to the father’s ancestors and made sacrifices in their honor.

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Shang kings consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones, animal bones and tortoiseshells on which priests had scratched questions for the gods.After inscribing a question on the bone, a priest applied a hot poker to it, which caused it to crack. The priests then interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had answered.

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The earliest writing systems in the world—including Chinese, Sumerian, and Egyptian—developed from pictographs, or simplified drawings of objects. The writing system used in China today is directly related to the pictographic writing found on Shang oracle bones. As you can see in the chart below, the ancient pictographs can still be recognized in many modern Chinese characters.

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This was the Chinese explanation for rebellion, civil war, andthe rise of a new dynasty. Historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, andreplacement of dynasties as the dynastic cycle.

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The Mandate of Heaven was an idea of how dynastic families were chosen. When one emperor came to power, he had the Mandate of Heaven, and the gods smiled on him. At the beginning of his reign, all would be well. Then gradually, things would start going wrong. There would be famines, corrupt officials, natural disasters, and other terrible things. This was because the gods no longer favored the ruling family; they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Mandate then went to a new family and the cycle continued.

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Feudalism is a political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. In return, the nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on their estates. Similar systems would arise centuries later in both Japan and Europe.

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Improvements in Technology and Trade

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The Zhou Dynasty produced many innovations. • Roads and canals were built to stimulate trade and agriculture. • Coined money was introduced, which further improved trade. • Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed.

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Period of Chinese history from 403 to 221 B.C.E. when between ten and twelve states competed for power in China. Although there was a nominal Zhou king, he ruled only a small territory. Eventually one of the states, the Qin, unified seven major states and several minor ones into China, bringing the era of competing states to an end.

CHAPTER 2 SECTION 4 - RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

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- PJ

Chapter 2 Section 1 - City-states in Mesopotamia

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- Arisa

Mesopotamia

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"The Land Between Two Rivers"

Pyramids on the Nile

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Egypt

Geography of Fertile Crescent

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Tigris and Euphrates flood at least once a year, depositing silt
silt is then used for growing crops, watered crops by irrigating river water
Surpluses of food led to growth of villages

Sumerians

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Environmental Challenges

Unpredictable flooding and drought
No natural borders
Natural resources were limited

Solution

Irrigation system
built city walls with mud bricks
traded their products for other raw materials

Uniting the Kingdoms

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King Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt around 3000 B.C.

Memphis as capital
Crown of white and red

Pharaohs were considered as gods, as powerful as the gods of the heavens.

Stood at the center of religion along with its government and army.
full responsibility for the kingdom.

Egyptians believe that the pharaohs would rule forever even after death.

Built pyramids containing luxuries for the king's afterlife
Used granite, and limestone to built the pyramids

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The Geography of Egypt

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Nile River flows north into the Mediterranean Sea
The Nile floods yearly bringing fertile soil, or silt
Irrigation ditches were built to water crops in fall and winter
Settlements along the Nile
The Nile can sometimes bring little silt and water causing the people to starve
The Nile can also damage houses and seeds when there's too much floodwater
The deserts that surround the city cuts off connection from the outside.

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Egyptian Culture

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Religion

Believe in many gods (polytheistic)
More than 2,000 gods and goddesses
Believe in afterlife
Judged by how heavy a person's heart weighs
Royal bodies mummified
The Book of Dead contain hymns, prayers and magic spells

Sumerian Cicilization

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city-states had their own government

Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, Ur

Temples and ziggurat
priest used to control government
Commander led the armies (during war)

frequent war led to commander becoming in full control
military leaders pass powers on to their sons
Dynasty: series of rulers from single family

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Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt

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First Cataract, where boulders turn the river into rapids flowing south. The Nile provide transportation

between Upper and Lower Egypt. The river flows north with the current. Wind current blows south

against the river current balancing the two.

Upper Egypt

Higher elevation in thesouth
A strip of land from the First Cataract to where the rivers turn into branches
Wear red crown

Lower Egypt

Near the sea to the north
Includes the delta
The delta region is about 100 miles
Wear white crown

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Life in Egyptian Society

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Social Classes

King, queen and royal family at the top
Second, wealthy landowners, government officials, priests and army commanders
Third, merchants and artisans
Last, peasant farmers and laborers

You can gain higher status through marriage. Highest positions requires the skill to read and write. Women had same rights as men.

Egyptian Writing

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The development of writing was one of the key growth.

Scribes developed hieroglyphics
First written of stone and clay
Invented papyrus, a better writing surface

Spread of City

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surplus food allowed them to have long-distant trade
2500 BC - rising new cities
exchanged products and ideas
Cultural diffusion: the process of new ideas and/or products spreading from culture to culture

Invaders

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Power of pharaohs declined around 2180 B.C.
Strong pharaohs gained control and improved trade and tranportation
In 1640 B.C. a group of Palestines gained control

Science and Technology

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Developed a calendar
Developed system of numbers for counting, adding and subtracting
First to use stone columns in homes, palaces and temples
Famous medicine

Sumerian Culture

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Polytheism
- Enlil - God of storm and air
- Ugallu - protected humans from evil demons
- Gods are similar to human BUT they are immortal and powerful
- ziggurat were built for god
- After death souls go to "land of no return"

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Sumerian Society

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Kings, priests, landholders
Merchants, ordinary working people
Slaves
Sold children into slavery to pay off debt
Women had rights

merchants, artisans, priestess
own properties

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Science and Technology

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invention of wheel, sail, and plow
first to use bronze
Arithmetic and geometry

plan irrigation system
survey flooded fields
building protection walls

Architectural Innovation

columns, pyramids, arches

Cuneiform

written records

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Akkadian Empire

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Sargon first to establish an empire
united the northern and southern Mesopotamia
conquered the Sumerians
adopted the Sumerian cultures
lasted 200 yrs
declined through famine, internal fighting, and invasion

Babylonian Empire

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Aromites took over Sumerians
Capital = Babylon (on the Euphrates River)

Hammurabi

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the height of Babylonian empire
Hammurabi's code

rules, judements, laws
engraved in stones
punishments based on social class and gender of vicim

200 yrs after Hammurabi, the empire fell to Kassites
"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth."

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Empires rose and fell, but they all adopted many ideas from the Sumerians

Chapter 2 Section 2 - Pyramids on the Nile

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- Sophia

Indus Valley Civilization

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Sometimes mentioned as Harappan civilization

The Geography of the Indian Subcontinent

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Tallest mountains to the north and a large desert to the east protects the Indus Valley
Ganges and Indus carries silt
Lower valley the Thar desert
Tropical strip of land along the coasts of southern India

Monsoons

seasonal winds
Winter monsoons: October - February

no summer monsoon = drought

Summer monsoons: mid June - October

Brings in moisture, leading to flood

Environmental Challenges

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Unpredictable floods
River changes course
Monsoons were unpredictable

Achievements

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city planning
buildings were connected by streets
buildings were made of oven-backed bricks
plumbing and sewage system

Harappan Language

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Written language
Stamps and seals made of carved stones
About 400 symbols

Harappan Planning

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partially built on a platform

prevent flooding

brick walls for protection
Houses had sewage system

Harappan Culture

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Wooden toys and clay artifacts suggest a prosperous society
Little weapons suggest limited conflicts
Animals important in culture
Animals seen on pottery, small statues, children's toys and seals

Indus Valley Culture Ends

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shift of tectonic plates

earthquakes
floods

some cities survived
people were forced to leave city, due to lack of food
Invasion

Aryans from Hindu Kush

Harappan Religion

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Close ties to religion
Theocracy
Priests prayed for good harvest and safety from floods
Religions artifacts similar to modern Hinduism's
Worship of bull, fertility images, and figures of the god and goddess

Harappan Trade

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Began about 2600 B.C. to 1800 B.C
Traded gold and silver with Afghanistan,
The Indus river provides transportation
The Indus river connected the sea allowing to trade over long distant

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Chapter 2 Section 3 - Planned Cities on Indus

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