Legal Foundations of Special Ed by John Grasinger https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16 en-us 2023-02-05 19:06:32 UTC 2025-10-21 21:51:44 UTC hello@padlet.com Cedar Rapids v. Garret F. https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470805403 Common Name: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) (this was an addition to)
Year: 1999
Proceedings:
-Allowed all students who need care during the school day to be taken care of at school all-day
-This required school boards to provide continuous nursing care to disabled students
Implications:
- This benefits students because they will receive the services needed to attend school
- Also, parents, as they will have peace of mind knowing their child, is being cared for while being at school
Pillars of Special Education:
- Zero-Reject: Those who are in need of these services to attend school cannot be turned away.
-Least Restrive Environment: These students are required to have health services needed to attend to their disability etc. so they can attend school with everyone else

]]> 2023-02-06 21:30:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470805403 PL 94-142 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470818256 Common Name: Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Year: 1975
Proceedings:
-Free appropriate public education for children ages 3-21 (or FAPE)
- This became required in every state and locality across the country
Implications:
- This benefits students because now they are all able to go to public school instead of institutions/facilities etc.
- This affects teachers as now they must manage classrooms with a wide variety of abilities and behaviors
Pillars of Special Education:
- Zero-Reject: all students will be allowed to attend public schools and cannot be turned away because of a disability 
-FAPE: this requires a free and appropriate public education for all 
-Least Restrictive Environment: integrating special needs children into public classrooms to the maximum extent possible ]]> 2023-02-06 21:45:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470818256 PL 99-457 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470823837 Common Name: Education for All Handicapped Children Act Amendments
Year: 1986
Proceedings:
-Free appropriate public education for all ages infants-21 (or FAPE)
- This extended the ages to infants and preschool aged students
Implications:
- This benefits students of all ages because now they are all able to go to public school instead of institutions/facilities etc.
- This affects teachers as now they must manage classrooms with a wide variety of abilities and behaviors
Pillars of Special Education:
- Zero-Reject: all students will be allowed to attend public schools and cannot be turned away because of a disability 
-FAPE: this requires a free and appropriate public education for all 
-Least Restrictive Environment: integrating special needs children into public classrooms to the maximum extent possible ]]> 2023-02-06 21:52:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470823837 PL 108-446 hannab0522 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470908484 Public Law 108-446 
  1. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement act of 2004
  2. 2004
  3. The proceedings:
What did it accomplish? 
  • It revised the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It increased accountability and required that teachers be highly qualified. 
What makes it unique?
  • This law is unique because it revised and changed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA. 
  1. Implications
How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone? 
  • It benefited students because the teachers had to be “highly qualified” and have to reach certain requirements. 
  1. Pillars of Special Education
Which pillars of Special Education did the law/case specifically address and how? 
  • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)- PL 108-446 supports mainstreaming, or integration, which is integrating students with special needs into a general education classroom for all or part of the day. 
]]> 2023-02-06 23:50:26 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2470908484 PL 93-112 section 504 hannab0522 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471015313 Pl 93-112 sec 504
  1. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973
  2. 1973
  3. The proceedings: 
What did it accomplish?
  • The first public law that protected children and adults against discrimination due to disability. Nobody can be excluded, because of their disability, from any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance or schools. 
What makes it unique? 
  • It provides protection for people with disabilities from discrimination. 
  1. Implications
How did it benefit students, parents, teachers, or anyone?
  • It benefits students because they can not be turned away or excluded because of their disability in schools. It benefits people who have disabilities by protecting them. 
  1. Pillars of Special Education
Which pillars of Special Education did the law/case specifically address and how? 
  • Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)- there is a mandate inside Section 504 that says to educate students with special needs with their typical peers to the maximum extent possible. 
  • Nondiscriminatory Identification and Evaluation- Schools are required to develop an accommodation plan (504 plan) customized to meet the unique needs of the individual. 
]]> 2023-02-07 01:46:13 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471015313 PL 101-476 jg212162 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471020257 Common Name: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Year: 1990
Proceedings: 
1.) It added autism and traumatic brain injury to the eligibility categories for special education related services. 
2.) This is when the name of legislation changed from Education of Handicapped children to the Individuals with Disabilities Education (IDEA). 
Implications: 
1.) Students and parents of students with autism or a brain injury benefitted because they can receive the special education and related services they need. 
Pillars of Special Education: 
1.) Individualized Education program (IEP): is used new categories of different disabilities were added legally to special education and related services. 
2.) Zero-Reject: all students including ones with these disabilities now cannot be turned away from a public education. 
3.) Free appropriate public education (FAPE): Each student has the ability to have a free public education.]]> 2023-02-07 01:52:10 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471020257 PL 105-17 jg212162 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471038002 Common Name: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments (IDEA)
Year: 1997
Proceedings: 
1.) It gave students with disabilities a chance to be involved in and have access to a general education curriculum as well as any assistive technology that each learned might need. 
2.) Changed when an interim alternative educational placement can be used. These are other education programs that can help students succeed. 
Implications: 
1.) Students and students parents with disabilities benefit greatly because now the student has a opportunity to be a part of a general education curriculum. 
Pillars of Special Education: 
1.) Free appropriate public education (FAPE): Students with disabilities have the ability of a free and public education  
2.) Least restrictive environment (LRE): Students with disabilities are not held back by any special equipment they might need to succeed. This equipment is provided to all students that need it. ]]> 2023-02-07 02:10:56 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471038002 PL 107-110 jg212162 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471050865 Common Name: The No Child Left Behind Statue, or Every Student Succeeds Act 
Year: 2002
Proceedings: 
1.) It closed the achievement gap with choice, accountability and flexibility so that no child is left behind educationally.
2.) This law is inclusive of all children, not just children with disabilities, and will help raise standards and help children meet those standards. 
Implications: 
1.) This benefits all three because teachers don't have to spend as much time with struggling students, students are held accountable, which helps them get the right education they need. Parents know that their kids education is no longer limited. 
Pillars of Special Education: 
1.) Nondiscriminatory and Appropriate evaluation: This law is inclusive to all students no matter the gender or race without bias. 
2.) Free appropriate public education (FAPE): All students including students with disabilities are able to have a free and public education


]]> 2023-02-07 02:25:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471050865 Oberti vs Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District madisoned922 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154052 Common Name: Oberti v Board of Education
Year: 1992
The proceedings:
  1. What did it accomplish?
This law prohibits schools from placing a child with disabilities outside of a regular classroom if the child would still be able to successfully learn in the regular classroom.
  1. What makes it unique?
This law allowed children with down syndrome and other children with disabilities to be taught in a classroom with other students without disabilities.
Implications:
This benefits students with disabilities because it gives them a sense of normalcy and keeps them included. It keeps them with all their peers instead of feeling like they are different because of their disability.
Pillars of Special Education
  1. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - Section 504 has a mandate to educate all disabled kids with their typical peers.
]]> 2023-02-07 04:19:57 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154052 Pl 101-336 madisoned922 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154562 Common Name: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Year: 2009
The proceedings:
  1. What did it accomplish?
This law established a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination of any individual on the basis of disability.
  1. What makes it unique?
This law made public places adjust their buildings to accommodate those with disabilities. More places had to have better access for disabled people, employers of more than 15 people must make accommodations for employees with disabilities, etc. 
Implications:
This benefits everyone with a disability because it prohibits discrimination against everyone and makes public places more inclusive and more accessible for disabled people.
Pillars of Special Education
  1. Zero-Reject - no one with a disability can be turned away
]]> 2023-02-07 04:20:39 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154562 PL 110-325 madisoned922 https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154999 Common Name: ADA Amendments Act of 2008
Year: 2009
The proceedings:
  1. What did it accomplish?
This law restored the intent and protections of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
  1. What makes it unique?
This law prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
Implications:
This benefited students with disabilities because it protected them from being discriminated against and helped allow them to live as normal of a life as possible.
Pillars of Special Education
  1. Zero-Reject - This prevented children with disabilities from being rejected because of their disabilities.
  2. Free and Appropriate Education (FAPE) - Allows all children with disabilities to receive free and appropriate education.
]]> 2023-02-07 04:21:10 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471154999 PARC vs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 95nnpkqsyc https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471186942 Common Name: PARc vs Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Year:1971-1972
Proceedings:
1.) It was mandated that Pennsylvania provide free public education to all children; this meant that no child, regardless of their impairment, may be denied access to free public trainings and educational programs by the Commonwealth.
2.) Children with disabilities needed to receive education and training that was of an equal caliber to that provided to pupils without impairments.
Implications:
1.) It benefited students and parents because it gave them a free and appropriate education. 
What made it unique:
1.) was the first instance where legislation restricting education was challenged and overturned. Other cases involving children with disabilities and their struggle for educational equality were successful after PARC v. PA. One such case, Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia, was resolved in 1972 and added children with physical disabilities to the PARC v. PA ruling. Finally, as a result of these instances, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was passed in 1975.
Pillars of Special Education:
1.) Free and appropriate education- students with disabilities have the right to education now. 
2.) Least restrictive environment- supports integrating students with disabilities into a regular classroom. ]]> 2023-02-07 05:00:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471186942 Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District vs Rowley 95nnpkqsyc https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471293810 Common Name: Board of Education vs Rowley
Year: 1982
Proceedings:
1.) The court ruled in favor of Rowley that she would need a sign language instructor to become the best academic version of herself. 
2.) The court however did say they did not make this decision because they thought rowley was not reaching her potential but they made it because they believed it was appropriate for her to have a sign language instructor. 
What makes this unique:
1.)  the precedent is only controlling so long as the relevant language of the law remains in effect. Meaning this only takes effect if the free and appropriate rule stays in tack. 
Implications:
1.) Students with hearing disabilities now have access to a sign language instructor to help them better understand the content being presented to them. 
Pillars of Education:
1.) Free and appropriate Education- Allows students to get the help they need in the classroom with students without a disability. ]]> 2023-02-07 07:05:01 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471293810 Daniel R.R. V. State board of Education. 95nnpkqsyc https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471300588 Common Name: Daniel R.R. V. State board of Education.
Year: 1989
Proceedings:
1.)  In Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education, it was determined that the appropriate placement and least restrictive environment for Daniel was not the general education classroom
2.) While it is typically beneficial for students to spend some portion of their day with their peers without disabilities, it is the law that every student be provided with a free and appropriate public education, and when students are not thriving, and certainly when they are not able to participate or master any skills taught in the general education classroom, it is necessary to look into a more restrictive environment where learning can be centered around their diverse and individual needs 
What makes this unique:
1.) It was a case where they had to move a kid with a learning disability out of the general classroom because it was not the appropriate setting for them to learn at the best of their abilities. 
Implications:
1.) This would benifit the students learnig skills and ability to focus on the task at hand.
2.) This would lower the students exposure to the outside world and what its like not being in a controlled environment. 
Pillars of Special Education:
1.) Free and Appropriate- students with disabilities have a right to an education that works for them. 
2.) Least restrictive- putting the student in the environment that makes learning the least restrictive for that student. ]]> 2023-02-07 07:13:46 UTC https://padlet.com/jg212162/rc9w5e79qkxoli16/wish/2471300588