Frankenpaper by Celia Gregg https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61 Made with big dreams en-us 2022-02-01 20:46:15 UTC 2025-12-23 22:23:13 UTC hello@padlet.com background celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024263667 Agent Orange was a herbicide used in the Vietnam War to kill the plants surrounding the Vietnamese army. Agent Orange was sprayed over 14 million acres of inland tropical forest. It mixture of two different kinds of herbicides or 50-50 mixtures of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T that was sprayed out of C-123 aircraft. A byproduct of the production of Agent Orange was dioxin, a very harmful chemical. Operation Ranch Hand was the code name used for the C-123s spraying the herbicides in Vietnam. 

]]> 2022-02-01 20:51:06 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024263667 frankenpaper celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024264600 2022-02-01 20:51:43 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024264600 Regret of Galston celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024312555
Galston traveled to Vietnam to see the effects of the chemical and fought to perform tests on the chemical with rats to gage the toxicity levels. He came to the conclusion that it was harmful for environment, and toxic to humans, which led President to end the use of Agent Orange.
  • “I thought it was a misuse of science,” he said. “Science is meant to improve the lot of mankind, not diminish it - and its use as a military weapon I thought was ill-advised.”


]]> 2022-02-01 21:28:54 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2024312555 Arthur Galston Background celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026525973
 Arthur knew Agent Orange had caused "an ecological disaster" that might take decades to repair.
its use went against the Geneva protocols against chemical and biological warfare. 
"The agent of horror was partly his child."
In the1940s at the University of Illinois, Galston experimented with a plant growth regulator called triiodobenzoic acid and found that it could make soybeans flower and grow faster. He found that if you used too much of it it caused the plants to release ethylene, which digested the cell wall between leaf and stem and defoliated them. A colleague, Ian Sussex, a senior research scientist at Yale, said others used Dr. Galston’s findings in the development of the Agent Orange. Galston regretted his research. 



]]> 2022-02-03 00:41:16 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026525973 background sources celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026542183  
AO background 1 (background info)
 
AO background 2 (background and health effects)
AO background 3 (background)

galston background (galston background)

AO health effects book

AO health effect

AO exposure health conditions

AO settlement fund

https://news.yale.edu/2008/07/18/memoriam-arthur-galston-plant-biologist-fought-use-agent-orange

]]> 2022-02-03 00:55:20 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026542183 effects general celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026551534 In the long run, Agent Orange is suspected to have caused long lasting health implications for veterans of the war and many Vietnamese civilians. Exposure to dioxin is known to have side effects such as birth defects, cancer, and nerve damage. It has also been shown to have a negative impact on the environment. The vegetation of the region in Vietnam is still recovering from the effects of Agent Orange. The chemicals used tend to stay in the soil for a long time, leaving long lasting impacts. "Agent Orange applications affected foliage of a diversity of tropical ecosystems of Vietnam, but the most severe damage occurred in the forested coastal areas."]]> 2022-02-03 01:02:59 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2026551534 health effects celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2030138687
In the 1970s, returned Vietnam veterans began to report skin rashes, cancer, psychological symptoms, congenital anomalies and handicaps in their children, and other health problems. This started many experiments and scientific tests, as well as a lawsuit against the distributors of Agent Orange, including Dow, Monsanto, Diamond Shamrock, Hercules, Uniroyal, and others. In one study conducted by Admiral Zumwalt, the rate of birth defects in children of veterans was nearly double that of the control group, and veterans shows an increase in skin cancer that was unrelated to sun exposure. Researcher Fred A. Wilcox reported in his book Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange about his findings in the homes of Vietnamese families. He was able to visit with the children, writing, "some are missing arms and legs and eyes; some have enormous heads or strange burned bark skin."

]]> 2022-02-04 20:49:26 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2030138687 list of diseases related to Agent Orange exposure celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2031500157
  • AL Amyloidosis
  • Bladder Cancer 
  • Chronic B-cell Leukemias
  • Chloracne (or similar acneform disease).
  • Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
  • Hodgkin's Disease
  • Hypothyroidism 
  • Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
  • Parkinsonism  
  • Parkinson's Disease
  • Peripheral Neuropathy, Early-Onset.
  • Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Respiratory Cancers (includes lung cancer)
  • Soft Tissue Sarcomas (other than osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, or mesothelioma)
  • Also birth defects


    • ]]>     2022-02-06 15:04:58 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2031500157     Settlement Fund celiagregg24 https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2031514227
    The Settlement Fund was a lawsuit brought about by Vietnam veterans and their families against the major manufacturers of Agent Orange due to the health effects from the chemical. It settled out-of-court in 1984 for $180 million dollars, and was largest settlement of its kind at that time. The Settlement Fund was divided between two different groups:
    Payment Plan
    • Veterans exposed to Agent Orange and experiencing health effects could apply to receive payment
    • “Fairness hearings” were held around the country
    • Settlement Fund distributed a total of $197 million in cash payments
    Class Assistance Program
    • Distributed $74 million to 83 social services organizations throughout the United States
    • Had to submit Requests for Proposal 
    • Donated to agencies that provided counseling, advocacy, medical and case-management services for veteran families


    ]]>     2022-02-06 15:20:22 UTC https://padlet.com/celiagregg24/rb883nsaxndwbn61/wish/2031514227