-Unions raise wages (by about 15 per cent on average) and reduce wage dispersion for their members while also reducing profits

-Unions do not seem to reduce employment levels in affected firms, or cause non-union wages to fall

-Efficiency losses due to sectoral misallocation of labour and to strikes are small, but some evidence suggests lowered investment in unionized firms

-Deunionization explains a third of the growth of the wage gap between high- and middle-wage earners over the 1979–2017 period

-On average, a worker covered by a union contract earns 10.2% more in hourly wages than someone with similar education, occupation, and experience in a nonunionized workplace in the same sector

-Wages are lower in states with low union density compared with states with high union density—$1,121.70 a week versus $942.70 a week in 2020

-Hourly wages for women represented by unions are 4.7% higher on average than for nonunionized women with comparable characteristics

-Collective bargaining lifts wages of Black and Hispanic workers closer to those of their white counterparts

-94% percent of union workers participate in a retirement plan, compared with 67% of nonunion workers

-Simple comparisons of the wages of union workers and nonunion workers find that union workers typically make about 20 percent more than nonunion workers. Evidence found from more in-depth approaches continue to point to a union wage premium of around 10 to 15 percent, with larger effects for longer-tenured workers

-Empirical studies have confirmed that unions have closed race and gender gaps within firms. One study finds that the wage gap between Black and white women was significantly reduced due to union measures, while another study provides evidence of how collective bargaining has reduced gender wage gaps amongst teachers

"Labor unions and equality"