https://prepp.in/news/g-98651-aniconism-in-buddhism--ancient-india-notes

https://x.com/dalrymplewill/status/1508629798314119168?s=46&t=RJVGlLHrEOn-3jI_cELKMQ

https://www.museumthailand.com/th/4851/storytelling/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2/

“Tree and Serpent” is the result of the imagination, the expertise, and the remarkable labor of John Guy, the Met’s senior curator of South and Southeast Asian Art. He has brought together many stunning pieces, many displayed outside of India for the first time. And he has moved beyond the usual Buddhist sites in the north that we associate with the life of the Buddha to include extraordinary works from South India, where Buddhism thrived for so long. The importance of the show, however, goes beyond its individual pieces.

https://tricycle.org/article/tree-and-serpent-review/

Reference: https://obo.genaud.net/backmatter/gallery/aniconic_seated_buddha.htm

https://palungjit.org/threads/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B.276635/#google_vignette

Source. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/buddhism-apah/a/images-of-enlightenment

ดอกบัวเป็นดอกไม้ที่เกิดขึ้นจากโคลนตม แต่เมื่อบานแล้วก็ไม่มีสีและกลิ่นของโคลนตม หมายความว่าพระพุทธเจ้าเกิดขึ้นแล้วในโลกที่เต็มไปด้วยกิเลสแต่ท่านก็ไม่ติดโลก ไม่ติดกิเลส หรือกล่าวอีกนัยหนึ่งว่าโลกไม่ติดท่าน กิเลสไม่ติดท่าน

ข้อมูลที่อ้างอิง

http://biabymoo.blogspot.com/2010/10/blog-post.html

อ้างอิงจาก:

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/788971

โดยจะสร้างเสาศิลาปักตั้งไว้ ณ ตำแหน่งของสถานที่ที่เป็นสังเวชนียสถาน และสถานที่ต่างๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพระสัมมาสัมพุทธเจ้า 

http://www.artedchula.com/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=71

This trend of depicting the Buddha in aniconic form continues until after the turn of the 1st century C.E. with the development of Mahayana Buddhism when we begin to see a large number of images of the Buddha in human or anthropomorphic form (below). These new, iconic images of the Buddha were particularly popular in the region of Gandhara (in present-day Pakistan) during the Kushana period and include depictions of the Buddha’s enlightenment at Bodh Gaya (below). These anthropomorphic images usher in a new phase of Buddhist art in which artists convey meaning through the depiction of special bodily marks (lakshanas) and hand gestures (mudras) of the Buddha. In this anthropomorphic image of the Buddha’s enlightenment, the artist depicts Prince Siddhartha seated on a throne, surrounded by the demon Mara and his army, who attempted—unsuccessfully—to thwart Prince Siddhartha’s attainment of enlightenment. At the moment of enlightenment, the prince reaches his right hand towards the ground in a gesture (or mudra, and specifically the bhumisparshamudra) ) of calling the earth to witness his spiritual awakening. In doing so he becomes the Buddha.

https://images.app.goo.gl/xTgBkj7PzcNgbrbG9

The scene represents worship of the wheel, which was one of the symbols of the Buddha before the introduction of his anthropomorphic image. The wheel stands for the Buddha's first sermon delivered in the deer park at Sarnath, suggested here by the presence of the two addorsed deer on the shaft, when he set the wheel of the law in motion. Of the two flanking couples, the eminence of the couple on the proper right is suggested by the male carrying a garland and the female kneeling down to make an offering.

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/worship-of-chakra-unknown/9gFzNhhR3oZ50Q?hl=en

Sculpture
2nd century - 3rd century (made)

This red sandstone carving probably once formed part of a temple or shrine. It depicts the adoration of the empty throne, with a Buddhist emblem on it. The emblem can be variously interpreted as a throne cushion, a discarded turban headdress or a 'dharmachakra' ('wheel of law') symbol.

Early Buddhist artists were reluctant to represent the Buddha in human form. They preferred to indicate his presence symbolically. This relief indicates the Buddha's presence through an empty throne, attended by two attendants bearing fly-whisks, emblems of a world sovereign (‘cakravartin’), and flanked by winged-lion capitals.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O25076/throne-of-the-buddha-sculpture-unknown/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaganahalli

Susan L. Huntington, Lay Ritual in the Early Buddhist Art of India. More Evidence Against the Aniconic Theory.

https://storage.knaw.nl/2022-06/20121012.pdf

ที่มา : https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/introduction-cultures-religions-apah/buddhism-apah/a/images-of-enlightenment

The wheel/disk symbol is one of the oldest symbols in Indian history. Scholars Madhavan and Parpola state that the wheel symbol appears a lot in antiquities from Indus Valley Civilization, especially on many seals. An important example is one of the ten symbols on the Dholavira sign. It appears as a symbol for the sun as early as 2500 BC.

Some historians associate the ancient Chakra with cults. Symbol of the Sun In the Vedas, Suriya,incarnated in the form of the Mittra, is described as In this sense the sun may be seen as the eye (eye) which gives light and vision to the world. Therefore, the concept of chakra is linked with light or wisdom.

https://th.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3#/media/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%3A001_Dhammacakka%2C_7c%2C_Dwaravati_(35252600795).jpg