- Classes looking down on each other can be linked to Bottero- "Class is always about invidious comparison, and when people talk about class their accounts often shift easily from social description, to social evaluation, to social abuse” (Bottero, 2009: 15).

-Savage argues that the old three class model has fragmented in modern society due to the rise in middle class and an increase in social mobility (upward). 

-David cameron (2010) says, 'we live in a classless society"

-today, only 38% are in blue collar jobs and and 34 in managerial. (Bottero, 2007)

-GBCS survey--> large survey with 325,000 replies… has questions on cultural and social capital and data on economic capital HOWEVER…

low response rate from the working class= NOT representative of the working-class population

- The working class/essex individuals are presented as having a 'faulty personality' because of their lifestyles/ accents.

- Comedy like this can mark an unbridgeable social division amongst the classes, leading the middle class to express disgust towards the working class/chav/essex (Lawler, 2005)

-Representation of the working class= 'the lower class smell' (Orwell)

-The term 'chav' has OFTEN been used in the media and it has also become a derogatory term

-Fabian Society has called it 'social racism'--> “Although the middle classes have always used language to distinguish themselves from those a few rungs below them on the ladder . . . this is something new. This is middle-class hatred of the white working class, pure and simple” (The Fabian Society, 2008)

-the 'Essex accent' is ridiculed and he is keen to escape from his working class background, however it is his 'essex accent' that marks him out as being different

- although he 'puts on' a 'posh' accent he states that it is hard to maintain= anxiety about being accepted as a middle class individual

-Bourdieus notion of 'habitus' = it is unified throughout time

-he is in a ‘painful’ situation of social limbo, of ‘double isolation,’ both from his habitus and field, hence why he can not maintain his 'posh' accent (Bourdieu). 

- he is unable to ‘erase their nostalgia for reintegration into their community of origin.’ (Bourdieu)

- seen as snobbery

-Middle classs people pass on this 'high culture' to their children and as a result her child restricts herself from mixing with these 'working class' children

-the working class ends up feeling inferior

-as a middle class parent, she is selective about culture

-she teaches children ‘ways of seeing’ art and culture

-'classifies, and classifies the classifier” (Bourdieu, 1984: 6)

-traditional classes has fragmented in modern society

traditional corking class has split by falling industrialisation, mass unemployment, and immigration= giving rise to the new affluent workers

-defining social class= more simpler

-John Prescott (1997) 'we're all middle-class now'

-Bourdieu- there is a distinction between highbrow culture and lowbrow culture

- The comments on this page can make the working class feel inferior since they lack the 'natural' cultural competencies which are, actually SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED..

-By expressing their own highbrow taste, they are actually condemning all others i.e. the working-class

- Working class- 'fish out of the water (Skeggs)

-Snobbery is no longer a privilege of the middle classes, instead we are all having a go at it!

-Since 'we live in a classless society' snobbery is more about the aspects of an individual (such as the clothing brand people wear) rather than their class.

-Because cultural omnivorousness is rising, cultural snobbery is disappearing. The middle class tend to be more open and tolerant over cultural tastes. However one can also argue that the distinction between highbrow and lowbrow culture has become blurred over time.

-Pierre Bourdieu examined the relationship between taste and class. He suggested that wealth and (good) taste sometimes go together but money doesn’t always buy you style

Class and health intrinsically linked.

-Good/bad taste not spread equally amongst the classes

-Bourdieu- distinction between lowbrow and highbrow taste--> Critique= the difference between the two are blurred.

-Judgements are often made about the quality and legitimacy of tastes in music, food, fashion, art etc.

-HOWEVER, research indicates that social mobility has not changed since the 1970's.

-Also, research indicates that achievement is not balanced equally.

-Middle class pass on their valued cultural dispositions to their children= ‘cash-in’ cultural capital at school.

-Strong link between low socio-economic background and education failure.

-Government aims to increase social mobility

-HOWEVER, critiques argue that it is not only about increasing mobility rates, it is about understanding the social mobility experiences and resolving them at the same time.

-Social mobility comes with painful experiences, rather than social benefits (Bourdieu, 2000)

-Disconnection from one's cultural identity and can affect social relationships

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-

- £History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

- £Reinforces image of Chavs as animalistic and excessively sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-Reinforces image of Chavs as animalistic and excessively sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of rep image of Chavs as animalistic and excessively sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of image of Chavs as animalistic and excessively sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of images of Chavs as animalistic and excessively sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of images of Chavs as animalistic and sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as animalistic and sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as animalistic and sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-Lacks social

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-Lacks social/cultural capital and as a result she is stigmatised

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-Lacks social/cultural capital and as a result she is stigmatised

-

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-Lacks social/cultural capital and as a result she is stigmatised

-ne

- History of class prejudice drawn on female body (Skeggs, 2004)

-Reinforcement of representation of Chavs as sexual and animalistic

-Lacks social/cultural capital and as a result she is stigmatised… not appreciated

- HOWEVER, at the local level within her 'estate', she HAS cultural/social capital and is appreciated (McKenzie, 2013)