Cancer: Smoking causes cancer as the poison in cigarette smoke can weaken body’s immune system, making it harder to kill the cancer cells.

Lung infections: Smoking kills the alveoli

Limitations: Vaping is more likely to cause cardiovascular plaque leading to heart attacks and severe cardiovascular problems

https://www.livewelldorset.co.uk/faq/stop-smoking/why-do-people-smoke/

Spread exercise evenly over 4 to 5 days a week, or everyday

Reduce time spent sitting or lying down and break up long periods of not moving

https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-for-adults-aged-19-to-64/#:~:text=do%20at%20least%20150%20minutes,not%20moving%20with%20some%20activity

Adrenaline: Increases heart rate, so blood is pumped around the body quicker, this makes the body sweat more and increase blood pressure

Research has shown that a loss of belonging has been associated with stress, illness and decreased wellbeing and depression, without a sense of belonging, it’s easy for lost and alone when you don’t feel wanted.

https://www.lifeskillsgroup.com.au/blog/belonging#:~:text=A%20sense%20of%20belonging%20is,and%20decreased%20wellbeing%20and%20depression.

Having a positive mindset helps athletes manage anxiety or stress leading to better focus during competition, it also brings greater resilience: positive thinkers are more likely to bounce back from any setbacks such as injuries etc… and maintain their motivation in the face of challenges.

If an athlete or individual have a sense of belonging and feel like their presence matters, the level of focus will be greater. You are no longer just working for yourself, but for your team and a group of others instead. You will tend to focus more as you may have others counting on you and you focus more as you don’t want to let them down.

https://www.benjaminbonetti.com/blogs/articles-reviews/the-power-of-a-positive-mental-attitude-in-sports-how-it-affects-performance#:~:text=A%20positive%20mental%20attitude%20can%20make%20a%20significant%20difference%20in,%2C%20resilience%2C%20and%20team%20dynamics.

Taking part in any physical activity and sport provides an opportunity to build social connections , in real life, with the opportunity to work as part of a team and meet different people outside of your usual social circles. It can help the younger generations to develop more social skills, boost self esteem. Research has also shown that individuals use sport as a way to avoid loneliness.

• 1 in 4 people will experience a mental health problem of some kind in each year in England.

• 1 in 6 people report experiencing a common mental health problem such as depression in any given week in England.

Are mental health problems on the rise?

The overall number of reports have been going up in the recent years. The amount of people with mental health problems went up by 20% between 1993 to 2014, in both men and women. The percentage of people reporting severe mental health symptoms have gone from 7% to over 14% in 15 years

• Every day, 385 Americans die as a result of excessive alcohol use.

• 83.9% of these deaths involve adults aged 35 or older.

• Alcohol causes 10% of deaths among 15- to 49-year-olds.

• Worldwide, up to 3 million people die every year as a result of alcohol abuse.

• Alcohol-related deaths account for at least 5.3% (some estimate as high as 6.0%) of the world’s deaths.

• Alcohol causes 13.5% of deaths among 20- to 39-year-olds.

• Men are 3 times as likely as women to die as a consequence of alcohol abuse.

https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohols-effects-health/alcohols-effects-body

Use link for image.

• you should also eat a wide range of foods to make sure you’re getting a balanced diet and your body is receiving all the nutrients it needs. It is recommended that men have around 2,500 calories a day, and that women should have around 2000 calories per day.

Guidelines

• base your meals on higher fibre starchy carbohydrates

• Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables

• Eat more fish in your diet, including oily fish

• Cut down on saturated fats and sugar

• heart conditions- eating an unhealthy diet that is high in fat will make hardening of the arteries worse and increase the risk of things such as heart attack. Continuing to eat high-fat foods will cause more fatty plagues to build up in your arteries, this is due to fatty foods containing an unhealthy type of cholesterol.

Can diabetes be caused by a poor diet?

A number of studies have shown that people who eat an unhealthy diet are more likely to develop diabetes. These diets are usually rich in processed, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats, they also usually lack fruits, vegetables and whole grain foods.

The energy needs of athletes exceed those of the average person. It’s not uncommon for male and female athletes, especially those still growing, to have calorific needs exceeding 2400-3000kcal and 2200-2700kcal per day. The amount of energy found within a given food is dependant on the macronutrient (carbs, protein and fats) content in them.

• carbs serve as the primary source of energy during activities of higher intensity

• Dietary fat also plays a key role in helping athletes meet their energy needs as well as supporting healthy hormone levels

• Protein plays the main role in muscle repair and growth. Preferred proteins for athletes are things such as, lean meats, eggs, dairy (yoghurt, milk etc…)

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/sporting-performance-and-food

Can you still be a top, athlete with a poor diet?

Key micronutrients like iron (found in beef, lentils, kidney beans and pumpkin seeds) help your blood transport oxygen to your working muscles. So if your diet is lacking in iron and other essential elements including the B vitamins, your muscles will not have the strength and endurance to perform optimally.

What happens when elite athletes don't eat enough?

Bone health: increased risk of stress fractures and early onset osteoporosis. Immunity: more infections and colds due to decreased immunity. Metabolism: the body converts food into energy more slowly. Cardiovascular (heart) health: low heart rate causing dizziness and the potential for long-term heart damage.

reasons why an athlete may use Peds

• increased chance of winning in chosen sport

• Become more well known in the sport

• Because everyone else is doing it

Negative effects

• health risk for athlete

• Ruins the reputation of the athlete

• Can be fined or banned from the sport

• Pressure from coaches

• To level the playing field

• To win medals/trophies

• Gain muscle mass

PEDs are formatted into three categories: Prohibited at all times, prohibited in competition, prohibited in particular sports.

Doping methods started in the Roman Empire as racing horses were doped to increase their speed and stamina and gladiators also doped to increase their strength

• drugs affect the central nervous system, they affect how a person thinks, feels and behaves towards others.

Society- sometimes, money that was meant to go towards somebodies food or rent is spent on drugs, leading to food insecurity and higher rates of homelessness. There are also many adverse effects of drug abuse on families: from family conflicts that may include physical or mental abuse, loss of employment and income.

Some examples of provisions are: charity and drug treatments

As well as the NHS, there are many different charities and private drug and alcohol treatments organisations that can help you.

. Drug and alcohol treatment and support

. Bristol drug project

. Forward trust

. Changing lives

What will drug treatment include?

Treatment will be different for everyone, it will depend on your personal circumstances and what you’re addicted to. The key worker you are working with will help you plan the correct treatment for you, this may include things such as talking therapies, different medications or self help ie, support groups etc…

He says, “Stuff that you can’t change I’m not going to worry about it. Whatever happens, happens. Whatever doesn’t, doesn’t. I don’t get stressed over stuff I can’t have any impact on. So if I can’t have an impact on it I either change it so I don’t get stressed, or go along with it and accept it.”

The national provisions are reduce the number of 15-year-olds who regularly smoke from 8% to 3% or less.

• reduce smoking among adults in England from 15.5% to 12% or less.

• reduce the inequality gap in smoking prevalence between those in routine and manual occupations and the general population.

• reduce the prevalence of smoking in pregnancy from 10.7% to 6% or less.

  https://ash.org.uk/law/tobacco-control-policy-england

For local provisions go to 56-60 Castle RoadScarborough North Yorkshire YO11 1XE. This will be able to help you with alcohol addictions.

• aerobic exercise

• exercises to strengthen their muscles and bones

Children and young people aged 5 to 18 should:

• aim for an average of at least 60 minutes of moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity a day across the week

• take part in a variety of types and intensities of physical activity across the week to develop movement skills, muscles and bones

• reduce the time spent sitting or lying down and break up long periods of not moving with some activity. Aim to spread activity throughout the day

Children and young people aged 5 to 18 who are living with a disability should:

• aim to do 20 minutes of physical activity a day, splitting this into smaller chunks of activity throughout the day if needed

• do challenging but manageable strength and balance activities 3 times a week

  https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/exercise/physical-activity-guidelines-children-and-young-people/

Local: You can go to BJfitness as they offer many different types of fitness classes. For example yoga, kettlebell, bungee fitness and group spin. https://www.bjfitnesscentrescarborough.co.uk/exercise-classes.html

Mental: A healthy lifestyle leads to reduced risk of depression, improved mood, better sleep, less stress and anxiety.

Physical: A healthy lifestyle can improve heart health, better weight management, stronger bones and muscles, improve immune system and cause a better recovery.

• obesity.

• type 2 diabetes.

• some types of cancer.

• cardiovascular disease.

• early death

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322910

Exercise- Activity requiring physical effort to improve health and fitness.

Physical activity- Body movements that require energy expenditure.

Local: Mental Elf 2024. MindSpace (Children and Young People) Creative Spaces. MindPath. MindSide. Rise 2 Thrive. The Wellness Bridge. Supported Self Help. Telephone Support. Transformative Coaching.