Every organism has genetic information, which is responsible for determining all of its characteristics. In most of the cases, this information is stored in DNA. The DNA is compacted, forming what we call as chromosome. Bacteria usually have only one chromosome composed of double‐stranded DNA in a loop. In this case, the DNA doesn´t have a membrane that involves it and its replication, differently of other organisms, is semiconservative. 

            When compared to human chromosomes, the bacterial one doesn´t have introns, which are non-coding sequences of genetic matter. It may be a problem because it avoids mutation complications. Due to the fact of human chromosomes having a big amount of introns, they are less susceptible to U.V. mutations, what decreases the chance of developing cancer. 

            Besides this difference, we can also mention the divergence between the genetic matter size of human and bacteria. Considering that the mankind has 46 chromosomes and the bacterium only one, the bacterium´s genome is smaller than the human one. We can also justify the size with the fact mentioned before about the non-existence of introns in bacterial chromosome. 

            Although we said the bacteria have only one looped chromosome, there are two exceptions, the vibrio cholarae, that has 2 looped chromosomes, and the agrobacterium tumefaceis has a linear chromosome. 

 

 Transduction is the pioneer seen in studies between Salmonella sp bacteria. Later was clear that several different kinds of bacterial virus can serve as natural vectors for genes of their own holts. Generally, transduction propagates progeny viral particales contain the host chromossome rather than a reproduced viral genome. 

Transduction has the lytic and lysogenic cicle. The lytic cicle consists in adsorption, penetration, replication, assembly and release. The lysogenic cicle is about adsorption, penetration, integration and replication. 

There are 2 kinds of transduction: 

3 - Transformation: 

In thansformation the donator has his DNA in fragmented form spelled for other bacteria in the same enviroment that the first one is, after that the receptor will identify the DNA and place it in it's DNA, recognizing it. The change of animal cells by tumor-inducing virus can also be called transformation.
References:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4187160/
https://www.britannica.com/science/horizontal-gene-transfer
https://www.britannica.com/science/transformation-biology

Cromossomo Bacteriano é constituído  na maioria das vezes por uma única molécula de DNA fita dupla, circular, não apresenta membrana nuclear e seus genes são Haploides (um único conjunto de genes), e é capaz de autoduplicação. Seus genes contém todas as informações necessárias à sobrevivência da célula.
  

Os genes são organizados na forma de Operons. Os operons são agrupamentos de genes estruturais localizados em sequência no cromossomo bacteriano, que são regulados em conjunto 

      Um exemplo que podemos destacar é o DNA da E. coli, que tem cerca de 4,6 milhões de pares de bases e possui cerca de 1 mm de comprimento, mil vezes maior que toda a célula. O cromossomo ocupa apenas cerca de 10% do volume celular e seu DNA é superenovelado. 

Como citado a cima , as bacterias possuem apenas 1 cromossomo circular,porém existem algumas exceções como no caso da bactéria Vibrio Cholarae,(que possui 2 cromossomos circulares) e a Agrobacterium Tumefacéis (que possui um cromossomo linear).

     Diferente do cromossomo bacteriano, o cromossomo humano contém íntrons e com isso se tornam mais difíceis as mutações genéticas   , são partes que não possuem material genético. Os eucariontes possuem múltiplos cromossomos lineares dentro do núcleo celular, além disso o cromossomo humano possui diferentes formas diferentemente do bacteriano que é circular, são diploides (possui 2 conjuntos de cromossomos completos) no caso dos humanos eles possuem 23 pares.
Referencias :
https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ciencia/fe0308200001.htm
http://www.ufjf.br/microbiologia/files/2013/05/Gen%C3%A9tica-Bacteriana-1.pdf

The transcription is an importante  
phase, responsible for the synthesis of a RNA molecule from a DNA template. This process involves, basically, three steps: initiation, elongation and termination. 

TRANSCRIPTION:

The initiation consists in the DNA double helix being unziped by an enzyme, called RNA polymerase, that  binds in a DNA sequence (the promoter) 

to initiate transcription. 

Once RNA polymerase is in position at the promoter, the elongation cans begin. Basically, elongation is the stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks to the addition of new nucleotides.

During elongation, RNA polymerase "walks" along one strand of DNA, known as the template strand, in the 3' to 5' direction. For each nucleotide in the template, RNA polymerase adds a matching (complementary) RNA nucleotide to the 3' end of the RNA strand. It's important to know that during this process each T of the coding strand is replaced with a U in the RNA transcript.

Finally, the last step is the termination, wich the mRNA that is formed leaves the nucleous.  RNA synthesis continues until the polymerase encounters a termination signal, at which point transcription stops, the RNA is released from the polymerase, and the enzyme dissociates from its DNA template.  The formation of such a self-complementary structure in the RNA disrupts its association with the DNA template and terminates transcription. Because hydrogen bonding between A and U is weaker than that between G and C, the presence of A residues downstream of the inverted repeat sequences is thought to facilitate the dissociation of the RNA from its template. Other types of transcription termination signals, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, depend on the binding of proteins that terminate transcription to specific DNA sequences, rather than on the formation of a stem-loop structure in the RNA. 

Image that resume the process of the transcription:

Referencia bibliografica
http://www.ufjf.br/microbiologia/files/2013/05/Gen%C3%A9tica-Bacteriana-1.pdf

https://netnature.wordpress.com/2016/05/18/replicacao-de-dna-em-procariotos-a-origem-da-mitose-nos-pre-cariotos/ 

The blue line represents the original DNA strands and the red lines represent how the copied DNA should form. We call this proteins primaseses

INTRODUÇÃO 

A transcrição bacteriana é uma importante etapa para a síntese de proteínas nestes procariotos. A Escherichia Coli, por exemplo, possui uma proteína que inibe o ataque de células do Sistema Imunológico Humano. Este processo é constituído basicamente de cinco etapas, e seu produto consiste numa molécula de RNA mensageiro, que será posteriormente traduzida para a formação proteica. 

TRANSCRIÇÃO 

Na transcrição, a partir de uma fita molde de DNA, ocorre a síntese de uma fita complementar de RNA, a partir de um gene específico. Desta forma, a informação genética contida na sequência de bases nitrogenadas do DNA é reescrita, apresentando então a mesma sequência de bases no RNA mensageiro (RNAm). 

O pareamento específico das bases nitrogenadas ocorre da seguinte forma: As adeninas, que se pareiam com timina no DNA molde, quando transcritas para o RNAm se pareiam com a base uracila. As guaninas, por outro lado, mantêm seu pareamento com as citosinas, exatamente como no DNA.

O esquema abaixo explicita o processo de transcrição e as estruturas envolvidas.

Referências bibliográficas:
TORTORA, G.J.; FUNKE, B.R.; CASE, CL. Microbiologia. 8. ed., Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2005
PORTAL EDUCAÇÃO. Transcrição em procariotos e tradução. Disponível em: https://www.portaleducacao.com.br/conteudo/artigos/biologia/transcricao-em-procariotos-e-traducao/23359 Acesso em 15/06/2018 às 11:15h.