• Avoided campaigning—not too fond of propaganda & pushing public too much, however, his popularity as general in the continental army swooned much of the population already

• Reassured the masses that the Constitution was a much more solid foundation for the country than the Articles; after speculating the drastic effects of Shay’s Rebellion on the colonies’ weak central government, Washington was among the many federalists who sought to strengthen the nation’s government so as to promote a greater sense of security & order.

Precedents set in presidency:

• Loyal to Congress’ policymaking process; acted as nothing more than a key advocate for its agenda most of the time

• Est. State of the Union to be a more formal address; set the example by essentially being himself

• Lincoln-Douglass debates struck much recognition in the public of his ability to attain a vast reach, even though he had lost to Douglass

• Delivered speeches after Gettysburg & Antietam that strengthened the Union’s will to push on; also listed potential policies to push through Congress that would advocate for the freedoms of African Americans (Emancipation Proclamation)

Changes in communication from previous president:

• Telegraphs enabled the president, while in the White House, to send messages to some official in a different state or to communicate with a Union general to lay out the next battleground scheme

• Railroads provided president w/ more of a physical reach by enabling him to travel all over the country in a much lesser amount of time than by wagon

Other changes from previous presidency:

• Technological innovations such as the telegraph implemented to improve communication among Union’s army; strengthened Commander-in-Chief’s power to strategize with leading officers

• Even after Lincoln's death he had pushed into motion the Reconstruction phase after the Civil War; this phase in policymaking upheld the abolitionist principles stated in the Emancipation Proclamation by ratifying the 13th, 14th, & 15th amendments that sought to protect the rights of freed blacks.

• Utilized the telephone & the press more consistently to promote his political agenda, especially when it came to addressing the U.S. going to war with Spain. Even est. the forerunner of the presidential press conference

• His inauguration the first-ever filmed

• Campaigned his policy's objectives from home (his campaign also the first to incorporate short movies)

Changes in communication from the previous president:

• Invention of the telephone enabled him to contact officials as well as the press more often and more easily

• Moving pictures incorporated into his campaign; made more available due to improved technologies regarding film techniques

Other changes from previous presidency:

• Bold economic practices: Put forth Dingley Tariff Law that raised duties by 57%; put forth Gold Standard Act which brought a deficit in the U.S. balance, throwing off the economy’s rhythm for awhile; made major foreign policy decisions that consisted of the U.S. taking control of Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico & the Philippines, which led to a subsequent boom in the economy

• Est. bully pulpit tactic which manipulated public to push Congress to let certain bills he favored to pass through with more ease

• Was the first president to communicate directly to the people through the media

Changes in communication from the previous president:

• Had been more personable & more methodical in his way of speaking––reeled in the media by adopting catchy slogans & by simply being his bold, quirky self––a more common theme explored in modern presidencies

Other changes from previous presidency:

• Significantly expanded power of the executive; est. himself as a "steward of the people"

• Pushed Progressive era into action (Trust-Busting; increased government intervention in safety regulations; advocated for the protection of national parks)

• "Fireside chats"––broadcasted on live radio to reassure the public of the current state of the country & to provide suggestions & advice on how citizens could help improve it by unifying & participating collectively in certain organizations est. by his New Deal

Changes in communication from the previous president:

• Communicating through the radio had gotten easier & more accessible since nearly everyone at this time had a radio (or at least walked past one blaring in some corner-store)

Other changes from previous presidency:

• Intensified federal government's degree of intervention in economy by pushing New Deal policies through Congress

• Signed exec. order in 1942 which ordered Japanese Americans to be contained in internment camps––this immigration policy a shock to over a hundred thousand citizens

• His image on TV much more convincing & personable than his competitors as well as past presidents

Changes in communication from previous presidency:

• TV now a thing––televised addresses to the nation grew common (although FDR was technically the first president to appear on television, he didn't really use that form of communicational tech all that much)

Other changes from previous presidency:

• Tensions with communist Russia nearly broke into a full-on nuclear war when the Bay of Pigs invasion went haywire, marking itself one of the worst inclinations in the Cold War––U.S.'s image took a hard hit as it scrambled to initiate Operation Mongoose, although it had to be suspended from the much larger, looming threat that was the Cuban Missile Crisis

• Est. Alliance for Progress & Peace Corps largest aid program called for Latin American gov's to provide $80 billion to improve their economies in order to lead them astray from the temptations of joining the communist regime

• Was laxed in the way he advertised for his campaign; broke conventionally strict boundaries former presidents hadn't bothered to step out of

• In spite of the blown up scandal that consisted of him fooling around with a young secretary, he still was reelected due to his strong track record of greatly improving the overall state of the nation

Changes in communication from the previous president:

• Sent first presidential email, though it had only been a test––that was pretty much it for using his presidential AOL account

Changes from previous presidency:

• Sustained economic expansion for longest period in time in U.S. history (115 months); created more than 20 million new jobs in his two terms; economy had lowest unemployment rate in 30 years; gun crime decreased 40% since '92; paid off $360 billion in national debt; est. most diverse cabinet in U.S. history

• First president to utilize various social media platforms to reach out to his citizens ('digital bully pulpit')

• Even created his own news service that consistently fed American citizens updates on the contents of his agenda (AMSCO pg. 169)

Changes in communication since last president:

• Had first presidential Twitter account, though he did not send out the tweets himself

• Est. White House Office of Digital Strategy, which composed of 14 members whose work was to manage his media presence (AMSCO pg. 169)

• 'Image control'––a look inside the White House: photography more accessible & customizable to officials' liking (AMSCO pg. 170)

• Misinformation galore––posted several tweets containing information that was inaccurate or was deemed too classified to disclose, despite his 'mighty' status as president

• His simple language (perhaps a bit too dumbed down at times) an attractant for his constituents

• Merchandise, merchandise, merchandise! ('Hillary for Prison' T-shirts, baseball caps, posters)

Changes in communication since last presidency:

• No filter on Twitter anymore; used his personal handle to get messages across (literally)

• Manipulated several media outlets to better fit & amplify the far-right's voice in the matter (looking at you, Fox News)

• Sleazy businessman tactics; propaganda-like media outlets groveling him