Discussion Board Unit 2 by https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r en-us 2022-06-20 23:29:30 UTC 2022-06-21 03:49:49 UTC hello@padlet.com 1. Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System and Their Alternate Names cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226153409 -Sympathetic Nervous System, or adrenergic
-Parasympathetic Nervous System, or cholinergic]]> 2022-06-20 23:36:17 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226153409 2. Neurotransmitters of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226157546 -Sympathetic: Acetylcholine (ACH), Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (EPI), Dopamine (DA)
-Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine (ACH)

]]> 2022-06-20 23:43:30 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226157546 3. Location where each neurotransmitter is released in the autonomic nervous system cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226177221
  • Sympathetic
    • Acetylcholine is released at the ganglia of presynaptic nerve endings
    • Norepinephrine is released at postganglionic nerve endings
    • Epinephrine is released at the adrenal medulla
    • Dopamine is released at the presynaptic nerve endings
  • Parasympathetic
    • Acetylcholine is released at the ganglia of presynaptic nerve endings

    • ]]>     2022-06-21 00:14:41 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226177221     4. Receptors of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and their main locations cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226177759
  • sympathetic/adrenergic
    • Alpha 1: located on smooth muscles, eyes, glands,  and most arteries/veins
    • Alpha 2: located on presynaptic nerve endings as well as postganglionic nerve endings
    • Beta 1: located on the heart
    • Beta 2: located on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries
  • parasympathetic/cholinergic
    • Muscarinic: located on the cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
    • Nicotinic 1 (Nn): located at ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves
    • Nicotinic 2 (Nm): located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle

    • ]]>     2022-06-21 00:15:24 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226177759     6. Drug classifications of the autonomic nervous system cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226327244
  • Sympathetic
    • Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists interact with alpha 1 receptors to allow the  contraction of smooth muscle, constriction of blood vessels which causes an increase in blood pressure, and vasoconstriction of nasal passages to produce a decongestant effect
    • Adrenergic agonists stimulate all alpha and beta receptors to allow for bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
    • Alpha-1 adrenergic blocking drugs function by binding to alpha 1 receptors and block them for relaxation of the smooth muscle, vasodilation of blood vessels which ultimately decreases blood pressure, and causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the ureters to increase urination
    • Beta 1 adrenergic agonists affect various receptors depending on the dosage
      • Low doses of Beta 1 adrenergic agonists stimulate dopaminergic receptors found in the kidneys which causes vasodilation for increase renal blood flow
      • Moderate dose of Beta 1 adrenergic agonists stimulate beta 1 receptors in the heart to allow for  stronger force of contraction and cardiac output
      • High doses of Beta 1 adrenergic agonists stimulates alpha-1 receptors causing vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure 
    • Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists stimulate beta 2 receptors and cause relaxation of the smooth muscle of the lungs, bronchodilation, and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus
    • Selective beta-1 blockers interact with beta 1 receptors by blocking them to decrease force of contraction and cardiac output, decrease heart rate, decrease conduction, and decrease blood pressure
    • Non-selective beta blockers block beta 1 and beta 2 receptors to allow for bronchoconstriction, decreased heart rate, decrease conduction, decreased cardiac output, and decreased force of contraction
  • Parasympathetic
    • Direct-acting cholinergic agonists directly binds to muscarinic receptors and mimic acetylcholine
    • Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys acetylcholine in the synapse which cause an increase in acetylcholine
    • Anticholinergics or Parasympatholytics bind to a cholinergic receptor and act as a blocking drug

    • ]]>     2022-06-21 02:53:54 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226327244     7. Specific drug examples of each drug classification in the autonomic nervous system cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226341314
  • Sympathetic
    • Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists
      • ephedrine
      • phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
    • Adrenergic agonists
      • epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
    • Alpha-1 adrenergic blocking drugs
      • prazosin (Minipress®)
      • terazosin (Hytrin®)
      • doxazosin (Cardura®)-HTN, BPH
    • Beta 1 adrenergic agonists
      • dobutamine
    • Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
      •  albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)
      • terbutaline (Brethine®)
      • formoterol (Foradil®) 
      • salmeterol (Serevent®)
    • Selective beta-1 blocker
      • atenolol (Tenormin®)
      • metoprolol (Lopressor®)
    • Non-selective beta blockers
      • nadolol (Corgard®)
      • propranolol (Inderal®)
      • timolol (Blocadren®)
  • Parasympathetic
    • Direct-acting cholinergic agonists
      • acetylcholine
      • pilocarpine (Pilocar®)
      • bethanechol (Urecholine®)
    • Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
      • neostigmine (Prostigmin®)
    • Anticholinergics or Parasympatholytics
      • atropine
      • dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
      • ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)

    • ]]>     2022-06-21 03:08:48 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226341314     5. End organ responses that occur when each transmitter is stimulated cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226355169
  • Sympathetic
    • Adrenal medulla: releases epinephrine
    • Arteries: vasoconstriction except for coronary and skeletal which are vasodilated
    • Heart: increases heart rate, contractility, and atrioventricular conduction
    • Intestinal/GI: decreased motility and secretion
    • Postganglionic transmitter: norepinephrine is released
    • Pupils: mydriasis or dilation
    • Lower respiratory passages: bronchodilation
    • Urinary bladder: relaxation
    • Urinary sphincter: contraction
  • Parasympathetic
    • Heart: decreased heart rate, atrioventricular conduction, and slight decrease of contractility
    • Intestinal/GI: decreased motility and secretion
    • Postganglionic neurotransmitter: acetylcholine released
    • Pupil: miosis or constriction
    • Lower respiratory passages: bronchoconstriction
    • Urinary bladder: contraction 
    • Urinary sphincter: relaxation

    • ]]>     2022-06-21 03:25:14 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226355169     Sources cieragarza1 https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226372710
  • Rogers, Kara. "epinephrine". Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 May. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/epinephrine. Accessed 20 June 2022.
  • Hitner. Pharmacology: An Introduction with Additional Material. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, 2021. [Yuzu Reader].
  • Conrad, Brian. “The Role of Dopamine as a Neurotransmitter in the Human Brain.” Enzo Life Sciences, 31 May 2021, www.enzolifesciences.com/science-center/technotes/2018/november/the-role-of-dopamine-as-a-neurotransmitter-in-the-human-brain/. 


    • ]]>     2022-06-21 03:49:00 UTC https://padlet.com/cieragarza1/r6c4frvyvj4mev6r/wish/2226372710