𝕿𝖍𝖊 𝕭𝖊𝖗𝖒𝖚𝖉𝖆 𝕿𝖗𝖎𝖆𝖓𝖌𝖑𝖊,𝖜𝖍𝖎𝖈𝖍 𝖎𝖘 𝖆𝖑𝖘𝖔 𝖓𝖆𝖒𝖊𝖉 𝖆𝖘 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝖉𝖊𝖛𝖎𝖑 𝖙𝖗𝖎𝖆𝖓𝖌𝖑𝖊,𝖑𝖎𝖊𝖘 𝖎𝖓 𝖆 𝖘𝖊𝖈𝖙𝖎𝖔𝖓 𝖔𝖋 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝕹𝖔𝖗𝖙𝖍 𝕬𝖙𝖑𝖆𝖓𝖙𝖎𝖈 𝕺𝖈𝖊𝖆𝖓. 𝕴𝖙 𝖈𝖔𝖛𝖊𝖗𝖘 𝖆𝖓 𝖆𝖗𝖊𝖆 𝖔𝖋 400,000 𝖒𝖎𝖑𝖊𝖘 𝖔𝖋 𝖘𝖊𝖆. 𝕴𝖙'𝖘 𝖔𝖓𝖊 𝖔𝖋 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝖒𝖔𝖘𝖙 𝖍𝖊𝖆𝖛𝖎𝖑𝖞 𝖙𝖗𝖆𝖛𝖊𝖑𝖑𝖊𝖉 𝖘𝖍𝖎𝖕𝖕𝖎𝖓𝖌 𝖑𝖆𝖓𝖊𝖘 𝖎𝖓 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝖜𝖔𝖗𝖑𝖉, 𝖜𝖎𝖙𝖍 𝖛𝖊𝖘𝖘𝖊𝖑𝖘 𝖈𝖗𝖔𝖘𝖘𝖎𝖓𝖌 𝖙𝖍𝖗𝖔𝖚𝖌𝖍 𝖙𝖔 𝖌𝖊𝖙 𝖙𝖔 𝖕𝖔𝖗𝖙𝖘 𝖎𝖓 𝕬𝖒𝖊𝖗𝖎𝖈𝖆, 𝕰𝖚𝖗𝖔𝖕𝖊 𝖆𝖓𝖉 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝕮𝖆𝖗𝖎𝖇𝖇𝖊𝖆𝖓. 𝕺𝖓𝖊 𝖔𝖋 𝖙𝖍𝖊 𝖎𝖓𝖈𝖎𝖉𝖊𝖓𝖙 𝖎𝖘 𝖆𝖇𝖔𝖚𝖙 𝕱𝖑𝖎𝖌𝖍𝖙 19.
    ғʟɪɢʜᴛ 𝟷𝟿 ᴡᴀs ᴀ ᴛʀᴀɪɴɪɴɢ ғʟɪɢʜᴛ ᴏғ ғɪᴠᴇ ᴛʀᴀɪɴᴇᴇs ᴏɴʙᴏᴀʀᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅɪsᴀᴘᴘᴇᴀʀᴇᴅ ᴏɴ ᴅᴇᴄᴇᴍʙᴇʀ 𝟻, 𝟷𝟿𝟺𝟻, ᴡʜɪʟᴇ ᴏᴠᴇʀ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀᴛʟᴀɴᴛɪᴄ. ᴛʜᴇ sǫᴜᴀᴅʀᴏɴ's ғʟɪɢʜᴛ ᴘʟᴀɴ ᴡᴀs sᴄʜᴇᴅᴜʟᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛᴀᴋᴇ ᴛʜᴇᴍ ᴅᴜᴇ ᴇᴀsᴛ ғʀᴏᴍ ғᴏʀᴛ ʟᴀᴜᴅᴇʀᴅᴀʟᴇ . ᴛʜᴇ ғʟɪɢʜᴛ ɴᴇᴠᴇʀ ʀᴇᴛᴜʀɴᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ʙᴀsᴇ.ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴛʜᴏᴜɢʜᴛ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇʏ ᴡᴇʀᴇ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴏғ ғᴜᴇʟ.     
   ᴏɴᴇ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ sᴇᴀʀᴄʜ ᴀɴᴅ ʀᴇsᴄᴜᴇ ᴀɪʀᴄʀᴀғᴛ ᴅᴇᴘʟᴏʏᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ʟᴏᴏᴋ ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇᴍ,ᴀ ᴘʟᴀɴᴇ ᴡɪᴛʜ ᴀ 𝟷𝟹-ᴍᴀɴ ᴄʀᴇᴡ, ᴀʟsᴏ ᴅɪsᴀᴘᴘᴇᴀʀᴇᴅ. ᴀ ᴛᴀɴᴋᴇʀ ᴏғғ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴏᴀsᴛ ᴏғ ғʟᴏʀɪᴅᴀ ʀᴇᴘᴏʀᴛᴇᴅ sᴇᴇɪɴɢ ᴀɴ ᴇxᴘʟᴏsɪᴏɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏʙsᴇʀᴠɪɴɢ ᴀ ᴡɪᴅᴇsᴘʀᴇᴀᴅ ᴏɪʟ sʟɪᴄᴋ ᴡʜᴇɴ ғʀᴜɪᴛʟᴇssʟʏ sᴇᴀʀᴄʜɪɴɢ ғᴏʀ sᴜʀᴠɪᴠᴏʀs. ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴇᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴡᴀs ʙᴇᴄᴏᴍɪɴɢ sᴛᴏʀᴍʏ ʙʏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇɴᴅ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇ ɪɴᴄɪᴅᴇɴᴛ.     
             ɪᴛ ɪs ᴠᴇʀʏ ᴄʀᴇᴇᴘʏ.sᴏᴍᴇ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ sᴀɪᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ɪs ᴀ ᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ғɪᴇʟᴅ, sᴏᴍᴇ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴛʜᴇᴏʀɪᴢᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴜɴᴜsᴜᴀʟ ʟᴏᴄᴀʟ ᴍᴀɢɴᴇᴛɪᴄ ᴀɴᴏᴍᴀʟɪᴇs ᴍᴀʏ ᴇxɪsᴛ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴀʀᴇᴀ.sᴏᴍᴇ ᴇᴠᴇɴ sᴀɪᴅ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴀʟɪᴇɴs ᴀɴᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ᴜғᴏ.ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴀʟsᴏ ᴄᴏɴᴄʟᴜᴅᴇᴅ ʜᴀʀsʜ ᴡᴇᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴄᴏɴᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴ ᴄᴀɴ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ɪᴛ ᴛᴏᴏ,ʜᴜʀʀɪᴄᴀɴᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴘᴏᴡᴇʀғᴜʟ sᴛᴏʀᴍs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ғᴏʀᴍ ɪɴ ᴛʀᴏᴘɪᴄᴀʟ ᴡᴀᴛᴇʀs ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʜɪsᴛᴏʀɪᴄᴀʟʟʏ ᴄᴏsᴛ ᴛʜᴏᴜsᴀɴᴅs ᴏғ ʟɪᴠᴇs ᴀɴᴅ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇᴅ ʙɪʟʟɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴅᴏʟʟᴀʀs ɪɴ ᴅᴀᴍᴀɢᴇ. ᴛʜᴇsᴇ sᴛᴏʀᴍs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴀsᴛ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇᴅ ᴀ ɴᴜᴍʙᴇʀ ᴏғ ɪɴᴄɪᴅᴇɴᴛs ʀᴇʟᴀᴛᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʀɪᴀɴɢʟᴇ.ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴍᴀʏ ʙᴇ ᴀ ᴍᴏɴsᴛᴇʀ ᴛᴏᴏ!  sᴛʀᴀɴɢᴇʟʏ,ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇʀᴍᴜᴅᴀ ᴛʀɪᴀɴɢʟᴇ ᴄᴏᴜʟᴅ ɴᴏᴛ ʙᴇ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ's ᴍᴀᴘ. ɪᴛ ɪs ᴀ ʙɪɢ ᴍʏsᴛᴇʀʏ. ʙᴜᴛ sᴛɪʟʟ, ᴡᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ɴᴏᴛ sᴜʀᴇ. ɴᴏ ᴏɴᴇ ᴇᴠᴇʀ ʀᴇᴀʟʟʏ ғᴏᴜɴᴅ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴ. ɪᴛ ɪs ᴏɴʟʏ ᴀ ɢᴜᴇss.
         
ᴄʜᴇᴄᴋ ᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʟɪɴᴋ ʙᴇʟᴏᴡ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴀᴛᴄʜ ᴀ ᴠɪᴅᴇᴏ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ʙᴇʀᴍᴜᴅᴀ ᴛʀɪᴀɴɢʟᴇ.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_5n7URd2Gk 
   
      𝐼𝒻 𝓎𝑜𝓊 𝒽𝒶𝓋𝑒 𝒶𝓃𝓎 𝒹𝑜𝓊𝒷𝓉 𝑜𝓇 𝓆𝓊𝑒𝓈𝓉𝒾𝑜𝓃,𝓅𝓁𝑒𝒶𝓈𝑒 𝒻𝑒𝑒𝓁 𝒻𝓇𝑒𝑒 𝓉𝑜 𝒸𝑜𝓂𝓂𝑒𝓃𝓉 𝒹𝑜𝓌𝓃 𝒷𝑒𝓁𝑜𝓌.𝒯𝒽𝒶𝓃𝓀 𝓎𝑜𝓊 𝒻𝑜𝓇 𝓇𝑒𝒶𝒹𝒾𝓃𝑔! (ノ^_^)ノ:🌛

 

Your brain’s remarkable hypothalamus also sends signals to your pituitary gland at the bottom of your brain, telling it to release factors that within a few minutes have travelled through your blood stream and stimulated your adrenal cortex to produce a stress hormone – cortisol. 

 

Cortisol is very important in your stress response - keeping your blood sugar and blood pressure up to help you escape from danger.



Link

http://www.youramazingbrain.org/brainchanges/stressbrain.htm

Alicante is the capital, and only city, of Idris. The Gard, the main meeting place of the Clave, and the Accords Hall are both found here. It is said that all roads in Alicante lead to the Accords Hall. The Clave buildings and the demon towers, which control the city's wards, are made of the demon repelling material called adamas.

Brocelind Plain is a flat terrain of high grasses that lead to the Brocelind Forest, which in turn encompasses a large portion of Idris and leads to Alicante. The forest is known to house several Downworlder clans from werewolves to vampires. The forest is thick and nearly impossible to navigate alone. Some manor houses are also scattered amongst the trees.

EXTRA Information (Our Sun)

There are 7 different types of stars (M, K, G, F, A, B and O). Our sun is a G-class star. In our galaxy, the Sun is 95% brighter than the other stars.

Ms Denise Phua, a Member of Parliament for Jalan Besar GRC who heads the Government Parliamentary Committee for Education, agreed, saying that the PSLE has become "a monster" that even MOE cannot manage at times.

She noted the efforts that MOE has made to reduce the over-emphasis on academic results, but said "society has been too conditioned (to) not see the PSLE as a high-stakes exam, and families or even some educators may not be able to see any alternative, except to make sure that people do well in this exam".

Ms Sandra Davie, The Straits Times' senior education correspondent, called for a relook of the PSLE and asked if it is doing more harm than good.
You can also read from:
http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/is-psle-a-necessary-checkpoint

Scientists from NASA and two universities presented new results dedicated to this task in fields spanning astrophysics, Earth science, heliophysics and planetary science — demonstrating how a cross-disciplinary approach is essential to finding life on other worlds — at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union on Dec. 13, 2017, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

“The potentially habitable real estate in the universe has greatly expanded,” said Giada Arney, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “We now know of thousands of exoplanets, but what we know about them is limited because we can’t yet see them directly.”

Currently, scientists mostly rely on indirect methods to identify and study exoplanets; such methods can tell them whether a planet is Earth-like or how close it is to its parent star. But this isn’t yet enough to say whether a planet is truly habitable, or suitable for life — for this, scientists must ultimately be able to observe exoplanets directly.

Direct-imaging instrument and mission designs are underway, but in the meantime, Arney explained, scientists are making progress with tools already at their disposal. They are building computational models to simulate what habitable planets might look like and how they would interact with their parent stars. To validate their models, they are looking to planets within our own solar system, as analogs for the exoplanets we may one day discover. This, of course, includes Earth itself — the planet we know best, and the only one we know of yet that is habitable.

 “In our quest for life on other worlds, it is important for scientists to consider exoplanets from a holistic sense — that is, from the perspective of multiple disciplines,” Arney said. “We need these multi-disciplinary studies to examine exoplanets as the complex worlds shaped by multiple astrophysical, planetary and stellar processes, rather than just distant points in the sky.”

Studying Earth as an Exoplanet

When humans start collecting the first direct images of exoplanets, even the closest image will appear as a handful of pixels. What can we learn about planetary life from just a smattering of pixels?

Stephen Kane, an exoplanets expert at the University of California, Riverside, has come up with one way to answer that question using NASA’s Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Deep Space Climate Observatory, or DSCOVR. Kane explained that he and his colleagues take DSCOVR’s high-resolution images — typically used to document Earth’s global weather patterns and other climate-related events — and degrade them down to images just a few pixels in size. Kane runs the DSCOVR images through a noise filter that attempts to simulate the interference expected from an exoplanet mission.

“From just a handful of pixels, we try to extract as much information that we know about Earth as we can,” Kane said. “If we can do it accurately for Earth, we can do this for planets around other stars.”DSCOVR takes a picture every half hour and it's been in orbit for two years. Its more than 30,000 images are by far the longest continuous record of full-disk observations from space in existence. By observing how the brightness of Earth changes when mostly land is in view compared with mostly water, Kane has been able to reverse-engineer Earth's albedo, obliquity, rotation rate and even seasonal variation — something that has yet to be measured directly for exoplanets — all of which could potentially influence a planet’s ability to support life.

Searching for Other Venuses Much the way scientists use Earth as a case-study for habitable planets, they also use planets within the solar system — and therefore planets they are more familiar with — as studies for what makes planets uninhabitable.Kane also studies Earth’s sister planet, Venus, where the surface is 850 degrees Fahrenheit and the atmosphere — filled with sulfuric acid — bogs down on the surface with 90 times the pressure of Earth’s. Since Earth and Venus are so close in size and yet so different in terms of their prospects for habitability, he is interested in developing methods for distinguishing Earth- and Venus-analogs in other planetary systems, as a way of identifying potentially habitable terrestrial planets.Kane explained that he works to identify Venus analogs in data from NASA’s Kepler by defining the “Venus Zone,” where planetary insolation — how much light a given planet receives from its host star — plays a key role in atmospheric erosion and greenhouse gas cycles.  “The fate of Earth and Venus and their atmospheres are tied to each other,” Kane said. “By searching for similar planets, we are trying to understand their evolution, and ultimately how often developing planets end up a Venus-like hellscape.

”Modeling Star-Planet Interactions While Kane talked about planets, Goddard space scientist Katherine Garcia-Sage focused on the way planets interact with their host star. Scientists must also consider how the qualities of a host star and a planet’s electromagnetic environment — which can shield it from harsh stellar radiation — either hinder or help habitability. Earth’s magnetic field, for example, protects the atmosphere from the harsh solar wind, the Sun’s constant outpouring of charged solar material, which can strip away atmospheric gases in a process called ionospheric escape.Garcia-Sage described research on Proxima b, an exoplanet that is four light-years away and known to exist within the habitable zone of its red dwarf star, Proxima Centauri. But just because it’s in the habitable zone — the right distance from a star where water could pool on a planet’s surface — doesn’t necessarily mean it’s habitable.  While scientists can’t yet tell whether Proxima b is magnetized, they can use computational models to simulate how well an Earth-like magnetic field would protect its atmosphere at the exoplanet’s close orbit to Proxima Centauri, which frequently produces violent stellar storms. The effects of such storms on a given planet’s space environment are collectively known as space weather.“We need to understand a planet’s space weather environment to understand whether a planet is habitable,” Garcia-Sage said. “If the star is too active, it can endanger an atmosphere, which is necessary for providing liquid water. But there’s a fine line: There is some indication that radiation from a star can produce building blocks for life.”A red dwarf star — one of the most common types of stars in our galaxy — like Proxima Centauri strips away atmosphere when extreme ultraviolet radiation ionizes atmospheric gases, producing a swath of electrically charged particles that can stream out into space along magnetic field lines.The scientists calculated how much radiation Proxima Centauri produces on average, based on observations from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory. At Proxima b’s orbit, the scientists found their Earth-like planet encountered bouts of extreme ultraviolet radiation hundreds of times greater than Earth does from the Sun.Garcia-Sage and her colleagues designed a computer model to study whether an Earth-like planet — with Earth’s atmosphere, magnetic field and gravity — in Proxima b’s orbit could hold on to its atmosphere. They examined three factors that drive ionospheric escape: stellar radiation, temperature of the neutral atmosphere, and size of the polar cap, the region over which the escape happens.The scientists show that with the extreme conditions likely to exist at Proxima b, the planet could lose an amount equivalent to the entirety of Earth’s atmosphere in 100 million years — just a fraction of Proxima b’s 4 billion years thus far. Even in the best-case scenario, that much mass escapes over 2 billion years, well within the planet’s lifetime.

Mars, a Laboratory for Studying Exoplanets  While Garcia-Sage spoke of magnetized planets, David Brain, planetary scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, spoke of Mars — a planet without a magnetic field.“Mars is a great laboratory for thinking about exoplanets,” Brain said. “We can use Mars to help constrain our thinking about a variety of rocky exoplanets where we don’t have observations yet.”Brain’s research uses observations from NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution, or MAVEN, mission to ask the question: How would Mars have evolved if it were orbiting a different kind of star? The answer provides information for how rocky planets — not unlike our own — could develop differently in different situations.It is thought that Mars once carried water and an atmosphere that might have made it hospitable to Earth-like life. But Mars lost much of its atmosphere over time through a variety of chemical and physical processes — MAVEN has observed similar atmospheric loss on the planet since its launch in late 2013.  Brain, a MAVEN co-investigator, and his colleagues applied MAVEN’s insights to a hypothetical simulation of a Mars-like planet orbiting an M-class star — commonly known as a red dwarf star. In this imaginary situation, the planet would receive about five to 10 times more ultraviolet radiation than the real Mars does, which in turn speeds up atmospheric escape to much higher rates. Their calculations indicate that the planet’s atmosphere could lose three to five times as many charged particles and about five to 10 times more neutral particles.Such a rate of atmospheric loss suggests that orbiting at the edge of the habitable zone of a quiet M-class star, instead of our Sun, could shorten the habitable period for the planet by a factor of about five to 20.“But I wouldn’t give up hope for rocky planets orbiting M dwarfs,” Brain said. “We picked a worst-case scenario. Mars is a small planet, and lacks a magnetic field so solar wind can more effectively strip away its atmosphere. We also picked a Mars that isn’t geologically active, so there’s no internal source of atmosphere. If you changed any one factor, such a planet might be a happier place.”Each one of these studies contributes just one piece to a much larger puzzle — to determine what characteristics we should look for, and need to recognize, in the search for a planet that might support life. Together, such interdisciplinary research lays the groundwork to ensure that, as new missions to observe exoplanets more clearly are developed, we’ll be ready to determine if they might just host life.Banner image: An illustration of Kepler-186f, the first Earth-size planet discovered within a star’s habitable zone. Scientists now know of thousands of exoplanets, but our knowledge is limited because we can’t yet view them directly. Credit: NASA Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-CaltechBy Lina Tran, Karen Fox, Elizabeth Zubritsky, Carol Rasmussen
NASA’s GoddardSpaceFlightCenter, Greenbelt, Md.
     My personal opinion is that there are other living life forms in other planets or galaxies .However, if there are none it would be extremely disappointing because it would mean that the human race is alone. However if researches are successful(In about maybe a few centuries...)we could finally reach other galaxies make friends or allies!

Now, in a new study in the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, a group of scientists from the German Research Center for Food Chemistry has attempted to figure out how exactly durians produces such a powerful stench. The experiment is taken from Thai durians, with a mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph, pinpointed 50 discrete compounds in the fruit responsible for its uncommon aroma. Those compounds included eight that hadn’t been detected in durians before and four compounds that had been completely unknown in Science. So the  powerful stench is actually the mixture of different chemicals!

There are a huge range of characteristics of durians. It includes labels like fruity, skunky, metallic, rubbery, burnt, roasted onion, garlic, cheese, onion and honey. Some other had been detected in a few substances such as cooked beef, yeast extract, dried squid and leeks. There are many more too!

 

When the wolves were released into the park, they preyed on some deer and chased some out of the park. The behaviour of the deer changed accordingly and they avoided some areas of the park. Within six years, the whole park revived!!! The grassland grew into shrubs and the trees regenerated! As the trees started to grow back , more birds and squirrels migrated, providing food for larger birds, such as eagles and vultures. The field became a home to snakes, mice, rabbits and hares, providing sufficient food for foxes and bears. 

 

The most significant of all events was the change of the rivers’ courses! The rivers changed due to the growth of the trees which stabilised the soil. As the river courses gradually changed , beavers started to build dams, providing habitats for all amphibians, fishes, ducks and geese! 

 

In this case, wolves, the common predators, are in fact the environment engineers! Though a small number of them, they brought life back to the Yellowstone Park. 

 

My take of this article is, everyone can have a positive influence on our peers and environment regardless of age and background. At the same time, we should be constantly mindful of how our actions can impact on each other and the larger community. 

We are young but we have infinite potential to make the world a better place.