• Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.

• A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.

• Major cities were established asoutposts of colonial authority.

– Havana

– Mexico City

– Lima

– São Paulo

– Buenos Aires

• Viceroys / colonial officers

• Creoles

• Mestizos

• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

 

• Mexico

• Haiti

• Colombia

• Venezuela

• Brazil

• Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French

• Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain

 

• Native resident who led revolutionary efforts

• Liberated the northern areas of Latin America

• The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823.

• Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination

• Napoleonic Code

• Awakening of feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

 

• “Balance of power” doctrine

• Restoration of monarchies

• New political map of Europe

• New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)

 

The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.

 

In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

• Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.

• The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

• Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.

• Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik,which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

• The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.