Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Project by Francisco de Araújo

Henriqueta - 19th Century

eab202703764_2 — 2024-03-18 02:00:54 UTC

In mid-1827, the ship Henriqueta left Bahia, Brazil. Owned by José de Cerqueira Lima, and captained by João Cardoso dos Santos, the ship headed to Cabinda, Angola. The ship made a total of 17 voyages and transported a total of 7,367 enslaved Africans throughout its career.

In 1807, when Napoleon's forces invaded Portugal, the Portuguese royal family, led by Dom João VI, fled to Brazil. Dom João's changes made Brazilians want more say in how the Portuguese ruled them and on September 7, 1822, Dom Pedro, declared Brazil's independence from Portugal.

In 1807, when Napoleon’s army invaded Portugal, the Portuguese royal family headed by Don João VI made their escape to Brazil. These steps of Dom João made Brazilians wanting more of a say on how Portuguese were to rule them, and on September 7 1822, Dom Pedro, finally, declared independence of Brazil.

5 years later, in 1827, Brazil was still experiencing significant political and social changes. Dom Pedro I had to deal with opposition both inside Brazil and from Portugal, which didn't like losing control over its former colony. Brazil was also experiencing considerable economic growth, largely caused by labor-intensive industries such as sugar, coffee, and mining. As Brazil’s sugar economy expanded in the 16th century, the nation’s Portuguese occupiers cultivated a system of plantations that became dependent upon the trafficking of African slaves. Brazil had to enslave Africans for cheap labor to cultivate crops and extract resources. The combination of slave labor and the sugar industry served as key drivers of economic growth in Brazil, fueling expansion and prosperity in the region, as the primary source "The Economics of Sugar and Slavery in Northeastern Brazil"(JSTOR) says,"We can assume that the prices of items produced in the colony were nearly constant in terms of sugar. All service sectors of the colonial economy were satellites of the sugar industry and had no substantial market other than the sugar planters and processors." (Taylor 9). According to Brazil Escola, as Portugal had established Brazil as a colony in the 16th century, slavery became deeply ingrained in Brazilian society as a result of the Portuguese colonial system. The products of slavery, such as sugar, coffee, cotton, and precious metals helped with the growth of industries and trade networks in Europe with importations.

Brazil's GDP per capita is $7,507, much higher than Angola's $1,953, showing a big difference in wealth between the two. The Triangular Trade helped make Brazil richer by using slave labor and resources for success in plantations.

The Brazilian Report. “Slavery in Brazil.” Wilson Center, 13 May 2020, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/slavery-brazil. Accessed 12 March 2024.

“Brazil Independence Day (1822): September 7, 2023.” Census Bureau, 07 09 2023, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/brazil-independence-day.html. Accessed 12 March 2024.

“Digital History.” Digital History, https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=447. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Taylor, Kit Sims. “The Economics of Sugar and Slavery in Northeastern Brazil.” Agricultural History, vol. 44, no. 3, 1970, pp. 267–80. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3741454. Accessed 27 Mar. 2024.

Henriqueta Arrival in Cabinda, Angola - 19th century

eab202703764_2 — 2024-03-24 18:23:42 UTC

After a journey of about a month, the Henriqueta arrived in Cabinda, Angola, where 580 African slaves embarked on the ship.

In the early 19th century, Cabinda, part of present-day Angola, was a region inhabited by the Cabinda people, the Bakongo, and other ethnic groups, with their unique languages and cultures, and their religion was a combination between indigenous beliefs and Christianity, introduced by Portuguese missionaries. Portugal as of the 15th century had already formed control over Angola for mainly resources and slave trade routes and by then of Henriqueta’s visit to Cabinda, Angola was still under colonialism. By 1827, the Portuguese, were very engaged in colonial practices, capturing Africans from the interior and transporting them for sale into slavery, and that was often through violent ways. This era saw competition from other European powers involved in the transatlantic slave trade and wanted to establish control in Africa. For African Slaves, Brazilian owners exchanged fabrics, precious metals, weapons, cotton, and more with African traders in a process called barter. These Africans were then transported to be sold primarily to plantation owners in the Americas. This trade relied on alliances and ensuring continuous trade. Taken from the thoughts and sentiments of Ottobah Cugoano, a native of Africa, the experience of enslaved African awaiting shipment was marked by profound suffering. It was filled with fear and betrayal, with many of them being kidnapped by rival communities or even their own people. Furthermore, many forms of resistance emerged, with many slaves with strategic roles. According to the George Washington Presidential Library, they pretended to be sick, worked slowly, did poor-quality work, and lost or broke tools and equipment. "Further, almost any enslaved person, regardless of age or physical prowess, could utilize these methods of protest". And as the National Humanities Center says, "The most common form of overt resistance was fight."

Angola has a GDP per capita of $1,953, much lower than Brazil's $7,507, showing a significant economic gap between the two countries. The Triangular Trade played a role in this difference, as Angola was a source of enslaved labor and natural resources, contributing to the wealth of countries like Brazil.

“From beyond the Kwango -

Tracing the Linguistic Origins of Slaves Leaving Angola, 1811-1848.” SciELO, 04 2016, https://www.scielo.br/j/alm/a/YK6CPqyqQcCzCQrFnhC5P5H/?lang=en. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Wills, Mary. “Sailors were appalled by conditions on slave ships.” University of Hull, 9 March 2020, https://www.hull.ac.uk/work-with-us/more/media-centre/news/2020/sailors-were-appalled-by-conditions-on-slave-ships. Accessed 12 March 2024.

https://www.lew-port.com/cms/lib/NY19000328/Centricity/Domain/135/Primary%20Sources%20Slave%20Trade.pdf. Accessed 26 March 2024.

Thompson, Mary V. “Slave Resistance · George Washington's Mount Vernon.” Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/slave-resistance/. Accessed 26 March 2024.

Sweet, James H. “Slave Resistance, Freedom's Story, TeacherServe®.” National Humanities Center, https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/slaveresist.htm. Accessed 26 March 2024.

Arrival of Henriqueta from Africa - 19th century.

eab202703764_2 — 2024-03-24 18:41:17 UTC

On June 6th, 1827, the ship departed Cabinda, Angola, and 25 days later, on June 30th, it arrived back in Bahia with 544 slaves.

During this era, people who were imported to Bahia from Angola faced a hard life and were treated with brutality. When they arrived, they were inspected to see their physical strength and working ability. They sold them to plantation owners or buyers in the form of auctions if they were healthy enough. As Vice website shows the posters of sellers as a primary source (https://www.vice.com/pt/article/8x53y3/revisitando-anuncios-de-escravos-do-seculo-19), they were usually sold in local trade markets or auction houses. They were also advertised by magazines and newspapers, which were the place where they would describe their abilities and traits as workers. Once slaves, they had to work in cash crop plantations cultivating sugarcane, tobacco, and coffee, in which were denied fundamental rights, freedoms, and cultural practices they previously enjoyed. The control was in the hands of holders of legal power and force, and the attitudes of slave masters were the only thing that turned slavery into an enforceable institution. The main crop of Bahia in the past was specifically grown for export mainly to Europe and North America and therefore formed the backbone of the country's economy and created enormous wealth for plantation owners and the empire. Certain nations retained close trade connections with Brazil, importing Brazilian sugar and coffee that were cheaply produced using slave labor. These imports, in fact, gave impetus to European manufacturers and markets. As the impact of slavery in Brazil was deep, Brazilian society was dramatically changed, social rankings got surrounded by slavery’s influence, and most cultural practices even became enslaved. Slavery gave rise to a racialized society in which the enslaved Africans and their descendants were portrayed as inferior and exploited, while the slave owners and the elites reaped the benefits of the labor of the enslaved. As Brasil Escola says, enslaved Africans brought many cultural practices including language, music, dance, and religion, the capoeira, the samba, and carnival among others which, were incorporated by Brazilian culture. There were many Enslaved Africans in Bahia, which was also the case in distinct parts of Brazil who fought against their enslavement through various means such as rebellion, escape from the owners, and the preservation of their cultural practices. One of the rebellions that occurred in Bahia was the Malê Revolt of 1835, which was an uprising by a group of African men who were Muslims, therefore the necessity to end slavery and fight the oppression. In 1807, Britain banned slavery and influenced other nations, including Brazil. As British ships made life harder for slave traders, the supply of slave labor declined. In 1871, the Brazilian Parliament passed the so-called “Free Womb Law,” declaring that all children born to enslaved women would be free. By these policies, the owners of slaves suffered, and slavery declined. Therefore, more individuals taking an active and direct role in the process put more pressure. The Catholic Church ended its support of slavery by 1887, and not long after the Portuguese Crown began to position itself against it. On May 13, 1888, the remaining 700,000 enslaved persons in Brazil were freed after Princess Isabel of Bragança signed the Lei Aurea, shown by InfoEscola as a primary source of the document (https://www.infoescola.com/historia-do-brasil/lei-aurea/).

As the difference in Brazil's 7,507 GDP per capita compared to Angola's 1,953 GDP per capita shows, Brazil capitalized on the benefits of the Triangular Trade, benefiting its economy with profits from agriculture and plantations. This profit was built on the backs of enslaved Africans, that also came from Angola.

Pilcher, Oliver. “Exploring Bahia, Brazil's Afro-Brazilian Roots | Condé Nast Traveler.” Conde Nast Traveler, 22 September 2020, https://www.cntraveler.com/story/exploring-bahias-afro-brazilian-roots. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Porfirio, Francisco. “Cultura africana: uma das raízes da nossa cultura - Brasil Escola.” Brasil Escola, https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/cultura/cultura-africana.htm. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Silva, Daniel Neves. “Revolta dos Malês: causas, consequências, local, líderes.” Mundo Educação, https://mundoeducacao.uol.com.br/historiadobrasil/revolta-males.htm. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Taylor, Timothy. “Slavery and Economic Development in Brazil.” Conversable Economist, 12 April 2022, https://conversableeconomist.com/2022/04/12/slavery-and-economic-development-in-brazil/. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Umile, Dominic. “Review: Brazil's sugar plantations were brutal — 'Angola Janga' follows the slaves who fought back.” Los Angeles Times, 30 May 2019, https://www.latimes.com/books/la-ca-jc-review-angola-janga-marcelo-dsalete-20190523-story.html. Accessed 12 March 2024.

Viana, Diego. “Brazil's post-independence justice system broke away from, yet built on, the past.” Revista Fapesp, 08 2022, https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/brazils-post-independence-justice-system-broke-away-from-yet-built-on-the-past/. Accessed 12 March 2024.

“Lei Áurea (1888) - História do Brasil.” InfoEscola, https://www.infoescola.com/historia-do-brasil/lei-aurea/. Accessed 26 March 2024.

Lopes, Debora. “Revisitando anúncios de escravos do século 19.” VICE, 20 November 2017, https://www.vice.com/pt/article/8x53y3/revisitando-anuncios-de-escravos-do-seculo-19. Accessed 26 March 2024.

London, UK - Luca

2024-03-26 11:33:15 UTC

The Molly set sail on 1734/12/01 on its way to West Central Africa and St.Helena. The captain of the ship was John Carruthers and it's owners were David Godin and John Carruthers as well. The total number of voyages made was 5 and the number of slaves transported was 1005.

London, UK

The Enlightenment had a huge impact on intellectual and cultural developments in the UK. The Whigs retained power under Prime Minister Robert Walpole. Walpole, who continued to exercise political dominance, governed with the goal of keeping Britain in a condition of stability and maintaining the status quo. xvi

Society in England remained a divided one, with the nation being marked by a hierarchal structure that was dominated by the nobility of the land. The great majority of British people in the eighteenth century lived in rural areas and worked in agriculture. As the need for labor increased in the cities, these rural workers increasingly had opportunities to work in burgeoning urban centers. xvii

The colonization of the Americas during the height of the British Empire provided the UK with access to raw materials such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton as well as gold, silver, and other precious metals. These resources were then converted to other goods in high demand in Europe and throughout much of the world. Profits from colonies were increasingly significant to the British Empire's economy, and to the growing wealth of many British people.

On the other hand, many of the UK’s main industries were dependent upon labor intensive work that was difficult to source within the country. The people who were put to work within the institution of slavery in the cities or the Americas were a decent labor source: they would do the work that no one else wanted to and would make a decent profit at the same time.

The slaves who would attempt running or try to leave, would suffer completely violent consequences, like this primary source from The National Archives show a court records: https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/slavery/source-1/

The products derived from slavery, especially those from the transatlantic slave trade or the colonial plantations, left a lasting imprint on British (and by extension, European) life, culture, and society. Although they brought economic prosperity and cultural exchange, these benefits were often tied to exploitation, oppression, and systemic social injustice.

UK 2021 GDP per capita was $44,979

Works Cited

"18th-century Britain, 1714–1815." Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Aug. 1998, www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom/18th-century-Britain-1714-1815.

Centre for Economic Performance, cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1884.pdf.

"Enlightenment." Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/event/Enlightenment-European-history.

"Just a Moment..." Just a Moment.., www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0144039X.2021.1860462.

"Walpole in Power." Foreign Policy Research Institute, www.fpri.org/books/walpole-in-power/.

St Helena - Luca

2024-03-26 11:56:26 UTC

Portugal colonized Angola in 1735. Since the late fifteenth century, the Portuguese had set up base there. Angola was first and foremost a slave-trading nation, with heavy Portuguese involvement in the capture and export of Africans to America. It was a Portuguese colony politically. The coastal region was dotted with several forts and trading posts by the Portuguese who through their colonial rule dominated the region. The primary economic activities were based on slavery; hence, the European traders used Enslaved Africans as they worked on their plantations in Americas. At this time however, Europeans had not yet ventured into interior Angola as they focused on trading along the coast and extraction of resources. Remote Saint Helena Island located in South Atlantic Ocean was discovered in 1502 (by whom). In seventeenth century, it became British colony mainly serving as place where ships could call off when traveling to Asia or Africa. The island did not have indigenous individuals with established cultural practices, beliefs, language or cuisine because of this fact Saint Helena was first inhabited by several different ethnic groups, such as the Ovimbundu, Mbundu, and Bakongo, who had their own distinct cultural customs and faith traditions. In 1735, Saint Helena was a British possession, just as it had been since the English East India Company took possession of the island in 1659. What would now be the island's political reality was governance by the British East India Company, which established a transcontinental trade empire after its founding in 1600. As a small, uninhabited island that exercised no control over mainland commerce, Saint Helena itself did not trade for particular goods sought out by the slave trade. The enslaved Africans who were captured and waiting to be loaded onto ships endured unspeakable fear, suffering, and confusion. The process of capturing and preparing enslaved individuals for the transatlantic voyage, known as the Middle Passage, was marked by unparalleled cruelty and dehumanization, as primary source of a slave after being whipped shows how cruel was the violence. Enslaved individuals who resisted placed themselves in extreme danger, and their acts of defiance demonstrated their capacity for survival and resilience.

The GDP per capita of Angola is $5,909.

https://sainthelenaisland.info/slavery.htm

Works Cited

"Africans in Carolina · African Passages, Lowcountry Adaptations · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative." LDHI - Lowcountry Digital History Initiative · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative, ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/sectionii_introduction/africans_in_carolina#:~:text=For%20Africans%20in%20Carolina%2C%20arrival,at%20the%20hands%20of%20traders.

"History and Heritage – St Helena Tourism." St Helena Tourism – A Breath of Fresh Air, www.sthelenatourism.com/history-and-heritage/.

"A Journey in Chains | African | Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress." The Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/immigration/african/journey-in-chains/.

Charleston, SC, USA - Luca - 17th century

2024-03-26 11:59:29 UTC

Upon their arrival, in Charleston, USA enslaved Africans had experiences based on factors like the time period the slave trader or owner and the plantations location where they were assigned,(like it shows in this primary source with plantation rules )

In the era of slavery in Charleston and the wider South Carolina region enslaved Africans toiled on plantations cultivating cash crops such as rice, indigo, tobacco and cotton.

Besides these cash crops, Charleston and its surrounding areas exported a range of nonagricultural products during the slavery era. Timber, seafood, manufactured goods and various other resources were among the exports from this region.

The impact of slavery on South Carolinas society was substantial and enduring. In Charleston and the Lowcountry region. One clear outcome of slavery in shaping South Carolinas society was the establishment of a hierarchy and system of oppression.

Slavery officially ended in the United States when the Thirteenth Amendment, to the United States Constitution was ratified on December 6 1865. This abolition also applied to South Carolina.

This change stated that "Slavery and forced labor will not be allowed in the United States or any area, under their control except as a penalty for a crime, after a conviction."

Abolitionist leadersplayed a crucial role in advocating for the abolition of slavery in the United States. Some notable abolitionist leaders include: Frederick douglass, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and more.

Works Cited

"An Advertisement for a Slave Auction in Charleston, South Carolina." Digital Public Library of America, dp.la/primary-source-sets/the-transatlantic-slave-trade/sources/323.

"HIST 116: Slavery and the Slave Trade (Davila): Web-based Primary Sources on Slavery." LibGuides at College of Charleston, 13 Nov. 2023, libguides.library.cofc.edu/HIST116_Davila/slaveryprimarysources.

Scsgc. "Carolina’s Gold Coast: The Culture of Rice and Slavery." S.C. Sea Grant Consortium, 8 July 2022, www.scseagrant.org/carolinas-gold-coast-the-culture-of-rice-and-slavery/.

Analysis Post OPCVL- 19th century ship

eab202703764_2 — 2024-03-27 00:24:00 UTC

The most useful and interesting primary source was a 19th century slave advertisement, created by a mail from São Paulo on July 5th of 1862. Knowing that the ad was sent by mail, its authenticity still remains when learning about how Brazil's slaves were sold when they arrived from Africa. Newspapers were the primary communication and promotion media. Distributing these advertisements through mail shows us it was to a wide audience, with potential buyers. Also, the date of the source makes it reliable, which is the 19th century, when slavery was still being practiced in Brazil. The purpose of the advertisement to attract potential buyers interested in purchasing enslaved individuals is valuable because it highlights the commercial intentions behind slave trading, showing how enslaved people were marketed based on attributes wanted by buyers, which gives an understanding of the demands for labor in different sectors. The purpose also shows that the sale of human beings was a practical and routine commercial activity. The content of the advertisement offers specific details on the types of slaves available and their intended uses. The mention of "reasonable prices" and specific characteristics shows the criteria used to value humans in the market.

However, the advertisement also has some limitations. The text of the advertisement may have come from a biased seller who wanted to present the slaves in a way that maximizes sales and may not be completely realistic about the real condition of individuals. The advertisement's intent to sell and make money could also be a limitation, as this intent may lead to misleading descriptions of the enslaved people's skills and conditions to attract buyers. The content of the advertisement is limited to what the seller believes will attract buyers, not showing the poor treatment and inhumanity of slavery. Also, the advertisement does not include the exact prices of the enslaved people on sale, and it only mentions they have reasonable prices.

The triangular trade, a commercial system that brought together Europe, Africa, and the Americas, had profound consequences for the societies involved and influenced the current racial and wealth inequalities. The forced displacement of millions of Africans as enslaved labor to the Americas pushed Europe colonies like Brazil to economic success. This oppression created the doomed foundation of fixed racial hierarchies, and Africans were stolen to the new land, and their descendants were deviously deprived of the status of the baseline, which was not for just rights or freedoms. The economic wealth, which was generated by the works of enslaved Africans, established wide disparities in wealth and power, and that occurred in the form of wealth concentration among slave-owning elites. Not only did slavery disappear after the Triangular Trade was abolished, but the long-term effects remained in the form of continued racism and gaps in wealth distribution. For example, in Brazil where slavery was abolished in 1888, the race-based social structure that existed for centuries and led to current socioeconomic conditions and outcomes is still pronounced. This led to long-lasting suffering for their descendants, who still face economic and social challenges. Afro-Brazilians continue to be confronted by a system of barriers to education, work, and economic progress, which favor many generations remaining in the poverty and inequality cycles. The next local region affected was Angola where the earlier populations suffered gravely put to task during the Portuguese colonization and slave trade. That trauma continued as they also fought hard, for self-determination and financial empowerment until now.

OPCVL - Luca -

eab202703764_2 — 2024-03-27 01:53:30 UTC

The most useful primary source that I found was https://libguides.library.cofc.edu/HIST116_Davila/slaveryprimarysources

It doesn't have the name of the person who created it but it is found in the Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society in 1859. This source was valuable for me to understand how slave auctions worked and also helped to better understand how slaves were traded in Charleston, USA. This source can be considered reliable as it was created close to the time of my slave ship and also due to the fact that it is preserved in the libraries of the College of Charleston which is the place where the source had originated from. However this source had slight limitations it doesn't tell the reader a lot which may affect the overall understanding of the source. Even though research indicates that it is accurate. This caused me to look for other sources such as https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/africanpassageslowcountryadapt/sectionii_introduction/africans_in_carolina#:~:text=For%20Africans%20in%20Carolina%2C%20arrival,at%20the%20hands%20of%20traders to help me find more information of how slavery and slave trading worked in the state of South Carolina during that period of time.

Amsterdam, Netherlands - José

eab2027047051_1 — 2024-03-27 02:40:08 UTC

Dutch traders really engaged in the transatlantic slave trade, focusing on getting slaves to their countries in the Americas, especially Suriname, Curacao, and the Dutch Caribbean islands. The Dutch West India Company, created in 1621, played a really important part in the organization of this trade, including the travel of slaves in the Atlantic Ocean. In the colonies, slaved Africans were forced to work on plantations cultivating things such as sugar, tobacco, coffee, cocoa, and cotton. These products were later sent to Europe, helping a lot to the Dutch economy and to Dutch investors. Although of the economic success, the Dutch Republic went trough inside political tensiol and outside fights during the 17th century. The Eighty Years' War for independence from spain continued ending in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Also, there were power difficulties between the ruling House of Orange and the republican thinking with the Dutch government.

The dutch GDP per capita in 2021 $57,767

Ardra, Benin - José

eab2027047051_1 — 2024-03-27 03:02:48 UTC

17th century, Adra was actually a important city in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was located in Benin if talking about today. This Kingdom of Dahomey was one of the most powerful and important places in Africa during this time, and Adra had a important role with its territory growing and economic activities. Adra was under the ruling of the leaders of Dahomey during the 17th century. The Kingdom of Dahomey was ruled by kings named Obas was growing it influence through military problems and wars. Adra would have been a strategic location for Dahomey to control over trades and resources in the region. Adra was situated in a good region for agriculture, which was the primary economic activity of the area. The Dahomean economy was a lot dependent on agriculture, with things such as yams, maize, cassava, and beans being sold and grown locally. Trade would have been significant in Adra, with both local and buisness outside of Africa contributing to the city's growing. Like many other towns in the region, Adra was a part of the transatlantic slave trade. European traders, mostly Portuguese and other European people, put houses on the coast of Benin to make the trade of enslaved Africans easier. Adra was a source of slaves for this trade, as Dahomey went in wars to capture slaves for sale to European slave traders. The Fon people, who lived in Adra and the close regions, practiced traditional religious beliefs like Islam and Christianity introduced by European missionaries. Ancestral rituals and ceremonies were important and a part of Fon spirituality, and these practices would have been continued in Adra. European powers, especially the Portuguese, Dutch, and later the French, established trading posts and forts along the coast of Benin during the 17th century. These colonial additions brought significant changes to the political and economic involved with the region, disrupting existing powers and influencing local people.

GDP per capita 2021 $1,319

Suriname

eab2027047051_1 — 2024-03-27 03:07:32 UTC

Suriname - José

Enslaved Suriname people were sold when arriving, then forced to work on plantations under dificult conditions. Laws controlled their lives, and they faced violence and punishment to ensure trustworthyness. In Suriname, the main cash involved things cultivated on plantations were sugar, coffee, and cotton. These things were primarily exported to Europe, where they were sold for profit. In addition to sugar, coffee, and cotton, other goods exported from Suriname included hardwoods, indigo, cocoa, and various tropical fruits like bananas. One of the may important things from Surinames people is the enduring racial divisions that were created from slavery. Even after emancipation, racial inequalities continued, with people of African descent facing systemic discrimination and economic disadvantages compared to those of European families. Slavery was abolished in Suriname in 1863. Some leaders including Johannes King and Anton de Kom. Slavery was officially abolished through a decree issued by the Dutch government, known as the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all enslaved individuals in Suriname to be free.

GDP per capita 2021 $7,507

OPCVL - José

eab2027047051_1 — 2024-03-27 03:12:14 UTC

The primary source that helped me in my project research was the article The dutch caribbean trade by Williamsburg Foundation in 2024. This source gave me a lot of important information about the dutch slave trade, especially in the caaribbean, which is very important for my project and th information it needed to be complete. It teached me about a lot of data that is hard to find, for example in 1596 and 1829, the Dutch transported half million Africans through the atlantic, and a lot of them ended up on places like Curaçao and St. Eustatius before being shipped to Spain and their colonies.

But, the article had some limitations. Some specific things were missing, for example the author's name and publishing date, which made their trustworthiness smaller. The article had small and simple information, missing the detail it needed for my project and research to be complete. So I went searching for more sources, for example, one source that if found that really helped me out seeing which information was left I went to Britannica, to get more information and context to help me in the for the project's research.

The dutch caribbean trade, was a part of the triangular trade, they contributed to european economie. But them being so dependent on slave labor gave them less power and depth. In today's world, we notice the impacts of the difference in the economie and racial problems, showing the importrance of the information and teaching about the transatlantic slave trade.

sources: