https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo Developmental Psychology en-us 2017-01-23 15:20:04 UTC 2017-04-22 19:20:41 UTC hello@padlet.com ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/148741599 Cross-Sectional Research: research done on many subjects of different ages at the same time 
     -Advantages: inexpensive, takes relatively little tine to complete, avoids high attrition rates (dropouts)
 -Disadvantages: different age groups are NOT necessarily alike, subjects of chronological age might NOT be same maturation age, cohort differences and age differences are confounded

Longitudinal Research: research done on one group of subjects over many years 
     -Advantages: generates DETAILED information about subjects, inexpensive 
     -Disadvantages: high attrition 

Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Cognition : all mental activites associated with learning, thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Schema: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets informations (infant sees a dog and yells cat)

assimilation: interpreting one's new experience in terms of existing schemas

accomadation: adapting one's current understanding (schema) to incorporate new information 

Piaget's Four Stages 


]]> 2017-01-23 15:21:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/148741599 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/148744469 1A: 75 (90)
1B: 3 (2)
2A: 60 (75)
2B: 45 (40)
3A: 10 (8)
3B: 10 (10)
4A: 15 (teenager)
4B: 40 (40)
5A: 15 (15)
5B: 40 (35)
6A: 15 (11)
6B: 50 (65)
7A: 50 (50)
7B:15 (16)]]> 2017-01-23 15:27:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/148744469 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149051543 Object Permanence: knowing that things continue to persist even when they you can't see them

baby mathematics: shown a numerically impossible outcome 

egocentrism: the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view 

theory of midn: ideas about your own and others mental states feelings, perceptions, and thoughs and the behavior these might predict 

]]> 2017-01-24 15:42:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149051543 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149339950 Basic Trust: 
-a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy 
-major task with each stage of life
-responsive caregiver

Self-Concept
-a sense of one's identity and personal worth ]]> 2017-01-25 15:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149339950 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149345457 (1) Infancy (1st year): Trust vs. Mistrust: if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

(2) Toddler (2nd year): Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

(3) Preschooler (3-5 years): Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

(4) Elementary (6 years to puberty): Competence vs. Inferiority: Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

(5) Adolescence (teens into 20): Identity vs. Role Confusion: Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

(6) Young Adult (20's to early 40's): Intimacy vs. Isolation: Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

(7) Middle Adult (late 40's to early 60's): Generativity vs. Stagnation: The middle-aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

(8) Late Adult (late 60's and up): Integrity vs. Despair: When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure]]> 2017-01-25 15:26:36 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149345457 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149350815 Left vs. Right 
OK Crisis]]> 2017-01-25 15:37:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149350815 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149627504 Preconventional Level: Morality of self-interests to avoid punishment tor gain concrete rewards

Conventional Level: Morality of law and social rules: to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Postconventional Level: Morality of abstract principles: to affirm agreed-upon rights and personal ethical principles 

]]> 2017-01-26 15:19:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149627504 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149629192 Infancy + Childhood: Sociocultural Development
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
Why do children play? (Piaget)
-self teaching by trial and error
-symbolic representation

Piaget say interaction with physical world
-overcome egocentrism
-learning through first hand experiences

Vygotsky says culture and education
-delaying immediate gratification
-practice self-regulation to learn to think about own world

Lev Vygotsky: Social Development Theory
-social interaction + cognitive development
     -learning ---> development is enhanded with new tasks
-scaffolding or cognitive apprenticeship Model
     -zone of proximal development help with other

Vygotsky's view of language
-primary method of communication between adults and children
-powerfoll tool of intellectual adaptation
     -private speech (talk to self) vs. inner speech (talks in head
     -thoughts are a result of language

Sociocultural Development: Children + Parent
Language Development
Critical periods: windows of opportunity for learning a language; as early as 6 years old 

Chomsky: Langualge Acquisition Device
-born with internal mechanism 

Whorf: Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis 
-language determines how we think 

Imprinting (Lorenz): the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life (only happens in animals NOT humans)
     -animals can imprint on humans or other animals 

Temperament: easy, difficult or slow to warm up child 
     -shows which type of morality they'll lean towards

Stranger Anxiety and Attachment
-fear of strangers beginning around 8 months 
-an emotional tie found in young children 
-Ainsworth: Attachment Styles 
     -secure vs. insecure attachment 
     -anxious-resistant insecure attachment 
          -rage at mom when she arrives 
      -avoidant insecure attachment 
          -may not notice mother is gone 

Types of Parents 
Authoritarian
-parents impose rules and expect obedience 
-"don't interrupt" "because I said so"

Permissive 
-submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment 

Authoritative 
-both demanding and responsive 
-set rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussion 

Uninvolved/Detached
-limited time/energy 
-attachment issues
-delinquency 

]]> 2017-01-26 15:23:34 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/149629192 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150278023 David Elkind
-Imaginary Audience (everyone's looking at me)
-Personal Fables (ex.: I'm vulnerable)]]> 2017-01-30 15:59:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150278023 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150861593 G Stanley Hall
-"Storm and Stress"
     -conflict with parents
     -mood disruptions
     -risky behavior
     -NOT everybody goes through these three key aspects

Margaret Mead
-"Easy Transition"
     -not harsh and difficult but an easy move

Erik Erikson
-Identity vs. Role Confusion

James Marcia
-interviewed ages 18-22 years about their occupational choices, religious and political beliefs, and values (central aspects of identity)

1) Identity Diffusion: sense of having no choices, unwilling to commit (not sure if you want to go to college)

2) Identity Foreclosure: willing to commit to seom things, conform to expectations of others (going to a certain college that your parents want you to go to)

3) Identity Moratorium: ready for choices, but not sure (know you want to go to college but not sure which one or for what)

4) Identity Achievement: commitment to an identity, resolved crisis (know which college you're going to and know exactly what you're going for)

Future Trends
-adolescence lasts longer (men and women are getting married in their early 30s instead of 20s)
-sexual maturity happens earlier for adolescents
-physical changes peak in 20s (slow decline)
-menopause (time of natural cessation of menstruation)
-slowed reactions
-women outlive men by 3 years worldwide

Cognitive Changes
-Dementia: loss of brain function affects memory, thinking, language, judgement, and behavior 
-Alzheimer's: progressive and irreversible brain disorder 
     -characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning 
-crystalized intelligence
     -on'es accumulated knowldege and verbal skills 
     -tends to increase with age
-fluid intelligence 
     -ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly 
    -tends to decrease during late adulthood 

Death and Dying
Kubler-Ross
-Five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance ]]> 2017-02-01 15:23:17 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150861593 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150868700 1. Does the case of Oxana support Nature or Nurture? (2 examples)

2. Which language theory is supported by this view: B.F. Skinner (learned) or Noam Chomsky (innate)? what items from this case support their theory? 
-B.F. Skinner's language theory, ability to speak through learning, is supported by the show progressive condition of the feral children. ]]> 2017-02-01 15:40:42 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/150868700 ishapar5630 https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/151169928 2017-02-02 15:21:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ishapar5630/r0mb57poo5qo/wish/151169928