Chapter 30- muscles of 1/2 by Baldi https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z en-us 2018-04-02 22:22:34 UTC 2025-01-15 22:45:49 UTC hello@padlet.com what??? christina_m_baldwin https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248063892 IN YOUR LAB GROUPS.... Come and sign up for a research section.  Each topic must have neat, concise notes and at least one picture. I will be monitoring on the stalker software!!!!]]> 2018-04-03 11:30:25 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248063892 Google classrom christina_m_baldwin https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248065307 USE CODE    tsxq23f]]> 2018-04-03 11:37:15 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248065307 30.7-30.8: The Skeleton and muscles interact in movement & Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071463 *Tendons- connect muscles to bones
*For ever muscle that preforms an action, there is a specific muscle that reverses that action, being antagonistic (ie. biceps and triceps)

*Skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibers
*Each muscle fiber is a single  long, cylindrical cell that has many nuclei
*Most of muscle fibers occupied by myofibrils, and bundles of proteins called actin and myosin. 
*Also called striated since arrangement of protein creates a repeating pattern of stripes
*The Sacromere is the region between two dark lines in the myofibril. It is also the contractile apparatus in the myofibril.
*The pattern of horizontal stripes is the result of the alternating bands composed primarily of the alternating bands of thin filaments, composed primarily of actin molecules, and thick filaments, which are made up of myosin molecules.
*The Z line consists of proteins that connect adjacent thin filaments.
]]> 2018-04-03 12:01:21 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071463 30.1 Locomotion requires energy to overcome friction and gravity 3523561 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071674 Locomotion is active travel from place to place; requiring energy to overcome friction and gravity
Importance of these 2 forces depends on the environment. 
Swimming - overcome gravity as water supports the animals weight, different animals swim in different ways
Walking/Running - overcomes friction between foot and the ground with each step; maintains balance
Hopping - stabilizes animal's body and costs little energy to maintain
Crawling - body in contact w ground, energy expended to overcome friction 
Worms crawl with peristalsis
Flying -  wings must develop enough "lift" to completely overcome the pull of gravity
]]> 2018-04-03 12:02:09 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071674 30.9 A Muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick ones 3705901 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071752 -The sequence: detach, extend, attach, pull
-repeats in a contracting muscle
Steps in Muscle Contraction: 
1) myosin head bonds with ATP 
2) ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP + phosphate, energy is released and the myosin head moves towards actin (thin filament) 
3) myosin extends toward thin filament and they latch together, forming a cross bridge 
4) ADP + phosphate released, myosin head goes back 
5) Process repeats

]]> 2018-04-03 12:02:30 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071752 30.2 Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071805 Hydrostatic Skeletons:
-Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
-Provides cushioning
-Earthworms, Cnidarians
-Soft and flexible animals
Exoskeletons:
- A rigid external skeleton
- Tough covering composed of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin.
- composed of nonliving material, it does not grow with the animal
- Newly molted crabs are covered by a soft, elastic exoskeloton.
Endoskeletons:
-hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal.
Ex. Sponges, Sea stars, sea urchins, and most other echinoderms
-Vertebrates consist of cartilage of a combination of cartilage and bone
]]> 2018-04-03 12:02:46 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071805 30.3 Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071960 -Axial skeleton consists of the skull, the vertebral column, and a rib cage
          -all vertebrates have an axial skeleton
-Anatomists divide the vertebral column into 5 regions:
          -Cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (between the hips), and coccygeal (tail)
-Appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones pf the appendages and the bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton
        -most vertebrates have an appendicular skeleton
-Two of the homeotic genes that direct the differentiation of vertebrae are Hoxc6 and Hoxc8
        -These genes are associated with the development of the thoracic vertebrate, which supports the ribs
]]> 2018-04-03 12:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248071960 30.11-30.12 Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise. Characteristics of muscle fiber affect performance 346708 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072035 30.11: Aerobic exercises are an effective method of maintaining or losing weight.
-Aerobic respiration requires glucose and oxygen
-If the demand for ATP outstrips the oxygen supply, muscle fibers can carry out the aerobic process called lactic acid fermentation
-Glucose for ATP production is available from the bloodstream, and muscle tissue stores glycogen.
 30.12: slow muscle fibers contract slow, have high myoglobin, aerobic respiration, and many mitochondria and capillaries, and slow to fatigue.
Fast fibers contract fast, low myoglobin content, few mitochondria and capillaries, anaerobic, and fatigue rapidly.
]]> 2018-04-03 12:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072035 30.10: Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072425 - Signals conveyed by motor neurons from the CNS initiates and sustains muscle contractions
- Neurotransmitter Ach is released during an action potential of the motor neuron
- The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber can propagate action potentials]]> 2018-04-03 12:05:12 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072425 30.4 Bones are complex living organs 1710041 https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072511 -Bones are actually complex organs consisting of kinds of moist, living tissue. Nope, not dry.
- The bone contains cells hat secrete "matrix". Bone Matrix consists of the protein collagen with crystals of a mineral made of calcium and phosphate bonded to them.
- Yellow bone marrow is mostly stored fat brought unto the bone by the blood.
- red bone marrow. A specialized tissue that produces our blood cells.
- Bone cells carry out metabolism. blood vessels that extend through channels in the bone transport essentials, and remove waste. -- Nerve cells run parallel to the blood vessels.]]> 2018-04-03 12:05:38 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072511 30.5 Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072664 Healthy bone tissue is spongy to resist breaking. Osteoporosis creates bone erosion deterioration of bone mass. Broken bones can  healed by putting them in place and immobilizing them. Fractures can be surgically repaired using screws, plates or rods.
]]> 2018-04-03 12:06:12 UTC https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072664 30.6 Joints permit different types of movement https://padlet.com/christina_m_baldwin/qzsk4ez77x0z/wish/248072790 - Ligaments are bands of strong fibrous connective tissue that hold together the bones of movable joints
- Ball and socket joint: humerus joins the pectoral girdle

- Hinge joint: permit movement in a single plane

Pivot joint: freely movable joint that allows only rotary movement around a single axis
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