Environmental Impact of Tourism
Increased Congestion

-A record 56.84 million tourists – both Japanese and foreign – visited the city in 2015 but one resident said the ancient capital was suffering “pollution by tourism”.
-In June, an article in the Asahi newspaper claimed “endless crowds, unknown neighbours and unruly behaviour” have damaged the quality of life for Kyoto residents.
-Public transport – particularly in “must-visit” cities such as Kyoto – is increasingly crowded; hotel rooms are becoming harder to find, particularly in busy periods like the spring cherry blossom season

Littering and pollution

-visitors litter
-people staying in private rental accommodation, known as minpaku, are falling foul of neighbourhood regulations on nighttime noise and the way household rubbish must be meticulously sorted before being left out

Increased crime

-vacant properties are used as unlicensed minpaku (private rental accommodation).


Source: https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2110388/pollution-tourism-how-japan-fell-out-love-visitors-china-and

Positive Economic Impact and Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism. 

Name: Erynna 

Link : https://georgecambodia.weebly.com/what-are-the-positive-and-negative-impacts-of-tourism-on-angkor-wat-and-the-people-of-the-local-area.html

Negative Environmental Impact of Tourism - 

There are negative impacts on the environment and the locals.

About 5,000 visitors pass through the site each day, swarming over the sacred ancient monuments.

According to leading Angkorian expert Professor Charles Higham, "The human tidal wave that sweeps daily over Angkor has a serious impact on visitor experience. One is pestered constantly to buy postcards and elbowed by boorish tourists. The majority of people stay for two to three days, taking in the most famous monument: Angkor Wat, the Bayon, Ta Prohm, Preah Khan, and Phnom Bakheng. Concerns have been raised that the unrestricted access of visitors, along with pollution from the increased traffic of tourist buses, is hastening the rapid deterioration of monuments and their intricate bas-reliefs."

Positive Economic Impact of Tourism - 

The positive part is that there is more money coming in for the people who sell their produce to the tourists. For example a day pass for all of the temples costs $20 for one person.  In the beginning there were only 200 people that came to see the sunset at Ankor Wat. But in 2012,2.06 million international visitors visited to Angkor national Park.

Some of the money is used for hospitals and schools. They are also building a new international airport that cost one billion dollars,which will be completed in 2015. All this building means more jobs for the locals.

Holidaymakers were advised to avoid the area’s east coast as tropical storm Pabuk brought 5m-high waves and winds of up to 46mph.

One person was reported dead and another missing after a fishing boat with a crew of six capsized in high waves.

Airlines and boat operators suspended operations, beaches were closed and tourists were forced to change travel plans. 

More than 6,100 people across four provinces had been forced to flee in advance, the Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation said. 


The Meteorological Department said it had recorded winds of 40mph by the late afternoon, down from 47 mph when the storm hit land shortly after midday. 

There had been concerns that Pabuk would be the worst storm to hit Thailand since 1989, when Typhoon Gay killed more than 400 people. But by nightfall it appeared less damage had been caused than was feared. 


However, the Meteorological Department continued to warn of strong winds and waves of 3m-5m high in the Gulf of Thailand and 2m-3m in the Andaman Sea.

It advised all ships to stay ashore tomorrow, warning of possible storm surges on the Gulf coast. 

Forecasters have also warned of possible flash flooding in certain areas.

“We can expect heavy rain and downpours, flooding and flash floods in the area throughout the night,” department chief Phuwieng Prakhammintara said. 

Evacuation efforts were especially intense in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, about 480 miles south of Bangkok, where authorities sent lorries through flooded streets with downed power lines, urging people in danger zones to leave. 

Ancient cities around the shores of the Mediterranean and Adriatic are on the front line, their stone streets squeezed full of summer visitors as budget airlines and giant cruise ships unload ever-growing armies of tourists.

Take the Croatian city of Dubrovnik: a perfectly preserved historical miniature, carved from honey-coloured stone set in a sea of postcard blue.

Tourist takeover (evidence)

On a busy day three modern cruise ships, each one the size of a floating apartment building, can disgorge five or six times that number of people into the cityThey join the throngs of tourists staying in local hotels and in rooms rented over the internet, in streets where almost every elegant stone house has been converted
 
The once cultural land full of building that represents history of the place is being reconstructed into tourist facilities due to the rise of tourism in the area . Thus as they BUILD up their facilities to benefit tourists , they are erasing and disrespecting the history of the place .

[POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT]

The thousands of visitors to the place would Greatly amplify Economic growth in the area .
The place attracts fans of game of thrones too as a part of 
Film-induced tourism and this could benefit the souvenier shops.

We have to close it to allow the rehabilitation of the environment both on the island and in the sea without being disturbed by tourism activities before the damage is beyond repair."
Because of the overcrowding of tourists in Thailand it has led to negative environmental impacts in Thailand 

Link :https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/is-tourism-in-thailand-becoming-unsustainable/amp/&ved=2ahUKEwjxnsTB1ffgAhWX73MBHUF7CvwQFjAMegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw3pHRZtITSKK0GeC1V8T7gQ&ampcf=1&cshid=1552224360446

 Link: https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2107020/anger-over-graffiti-great-wall-china  

Socio-cultural Impact of Tourism

The Great Wall of China had loss its values of its place. In the past, the people that build it, puts in lots of hard work and perseverance. However, some of the visitors had vandalise it. It makes the place lost as the original atmosphere and appearance. It makes the place less attractive to tourists. 

Environmental impact on tourism 

 [Vandalism] 

- Bricks and stones are covered with graffiti. 
 -They release their anger by crafting bad words. 
 Crafting on the bricks and stones is vandalism. Vandalism is a crime of damaging property belonging to other people. For example, the US basketball player, Bobby Brown have issued a public apology because he wrote his initial and team number on the Great Wall. 

Because of some concerns about engine noise, Kansai - located in the bay of Osaka - is the worldwide first airport entirely build on a large man made land, putting it at high risk of some disaster eg. flooding, tsunamis and typhoons, Which influence the number of tourist going to the country 

Damage to the important airport is having a dramatic knock-on effect on tourism and trade, as it had 22 million international passengers per year and 5.3 trillion yen (S$65.5 billion) of Japan's exports - more than 7 per cent of the worldwide total

"The Osaka region which was hit by the typhoon is about 10.9 per cent of Japan's GDP. It's a little bit larger than Belgium and about the same as Sweden," said by economist Kohei Iwahara at Natixis Japan Securities. "You have the ports affected, Kansai Airport malfunctioning, and the question is: How long is it going to last?"

The week after Typhoon Jebi ravaged western Japan, the airport is still not fully functional and usable, with power not yet completely restored and access via the damaged bridge still not back to the original.

It has operated fewer than 100 flights in total since Sept 4's typhoon, a far cry from the 400 per day it usually runs in its round-the-clock operation.

Showing that how disaster could affect the country letting the country to have a huge decrease in the tourist.

Kansai Airport has been plagued by setbacks from the beginning and has spent vast amounts on protection from the elements - such as huge walls and waterproof barriers - which proved of limited value when the typhoon struck.
Showing that how japan have prepared themselves for disaster and would think for the country over money. 

The disasters cut supply lines and could result in a 0.2 percentage point dip in factory output in the third quarter, Mizuho said.Mean that japan must do something to prevent the cut of supply lines so that the factory could do their thing without interruption.

The 6.6-magnitude Hokkaido quake hited the main thermal power plant, causing a total blackout for the three million households on the island and havoc for logistics. The plant will not be usable until at least November. So that Japan would have to put something to prevent in case something of this happen eg. a waterproof wall .

Car giant Toyota, for example, was forced to stop production in the whole country because it was not being supplied with parts from its factory in Hokkaido.Shows that disaster cause a lot of disruptions and loss of money for them.  

Typhoon Jebi was just the latest in a series of natural disasters to afflict western Japan - after a deadly earthquake in Osaka in June and flooding in July that killed more than 200.

Thus disaster contribute to the fluctuation of global tourism because disaster they disrupt essential tourist infrastructure . So tourist would not be encouraged to the place that affected  by disaster as they would be worry about their safety .this in turn would be reducing the number of tourist visiting the place.

On 4 September 2015, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management stated that six Indonesian provinces had declared a state of emergency due to the haze; these were Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan. On 14 September, a state of emergency was again declared in Riau, this time by the Indonesian Goverment. Thousands of residents of Pekanbaru, Riau's capital, fled to the nearby cities of Medan and Padang . On 24 October, the Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) hit a record high of 1801, recorded in the province of Central Kalimantan.

More than 28 million people in Indonesia alone were affected by the crisis, and more than 140,000 reported respiratory illness. According to a 2016 Harvard-Columbia University study, the haze caused more than 100,000 additional deaths, most of them (> 90,000) in Indonesia.But later, the claim was refuted by Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysian health authorities. The haze caused by the Indonesian forest fires has been shown to increase haze related illnesses, such as upper respiratory illnesses and acute conjunctivitis, in Singapore.

The Indonesian government estimated that the haze crisis would cost it between 300 and 475 trillion rupiah (up to US$35 billion or S$47 billion) to mitigate. School closures due to the haze were implemented in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; these affected nearly four million students in Malaysia alone.Among the events disrupted or even cancelled due to the haze were the 2015 FINA Swimming World Cup in Singapore and the Kuala Lumpur Marathon in Malaysia.

Heavy rains in Sumatra and Kalimantan in the last days of October 2015 significantly reduced the size and number of fires, and improved the air quality in most affected areas. In turn, the NEA of Singapore stopped issuing haze advisories from 15 November 2015.

It has a negative impact on Indonesia and other Southeast Asia countries because it has caused in Indonesia 19 death due to respiratory infections.
10 people killed due to smog from forest and land fires , and also non fatal injuries of 503,874 (by 23 October 2015)

Thus if tourist know that Southeast Asia countries are  dealing with this situation, they will want to avoid these countries and this in turn reduces the number of tourism

                  

- Tourism is a huge and booming global industry worth over $7 trillion, and employs one in ten workers around the world. It's growing at around 4% per annum.

Previous estimates of the impact of all this travel on carbon suggested that tourism accounted for 2.5-3% of emissions.

However,  the most comprehensive assessment to now, a new study examines the global carbon flows between 160 countries between 2009 and 2013. It shows that the total is closer to 8% of the global figure. 

The new assessment is bigger because it includes emissions from traveling, plus the full life-cycle of carbon in tourists' food, hotels and shopping.

The Centre runs a strong community engagement and education program through weekly newspaper columns, environmental commentary and school education programs. Where there is strong community support there is a greater chance of sustainability when development pressures based on politics and profits come from outside.

The Centre plays a significant role in marine-related government environmental assessment (EPA) approval processes and successfully lobbied for the establishment of a sanctuary zone within the busy port. This is indicative of the research- based control systems that have been put in place.”

 

Singapore, 12 February 2018 – Both tourism receipts and visitor arrivals for 2017 attained record highs for the second time in two years.

Positive Economic Impact

-When the number of visitor arrivals increases , the amount of tourism receipts also increases.
The increase in tourism receipts can help generate more large revenue for many countries. This is in turn allows countries to invest the income to generate further growth.

Tourism receipts rose by 3.9 per cent to S$26.8 billion[1], due primarily to growth in visitor arrivals across all top 10 markets[2] and higher visitor arrivals from high-spending markets such as China, South Korea, United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). Visitor arrivals increased by 6.2 per cent to 17.4 million, with 13 of the top 15 markets showing growth.

"Tourism is very vulnerable to disasters, and if not managed properly, the impact will affect tourism ecosystems and the industry’s performance targets," BNPB spokesperson Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said in a statement as quoted by kompas.com. 

Sutopo stressed that disaster mitigation must be a priority in developing the sector.

Here is a list of some of the natural disasters that struck Indonesia in the past nine years and their impact on the nation’s tourism, according to the BNPB.

The eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010 resulted in an almost 50 percent decrease in visitor numbers for many tourist attractions in Yogyakarta and Central Java.

Forest and land fires that occurred from August to September 2015, mainly in Kalimantan and Sumatra, caused 13 airports to close down because of limited visibility and for posing a danger to flights.

The closures and the postponement of several international events led to a slump in tourism, disrupting related businesses such as airlines, hotels, restaurants and travel companies.

Read also: Indonesia's priority destinations prone to earthquakes, other disasters

Mount Agung in Bali erupted multiple times in 2017, causing a tourism slowdown that saw 1 million fewer tourists visiting the island and led to an estimated Rp 11 trillion (US$775 million) in losses for tourism businesses. Several flights to and from Bali were also canceled, with the Ngurah Rai International Airport temporarily coming to a halt. 

The Lombok earthquake that took place in 2018 caused a decrease in tourist visits by 100,000 and an estimated loss valued at Rp 1.4 trillion for tourism.

Economic losses following the tsunami in the Sunda Strait in December are estimated to be in the billions of rupiah because of damages and a domino effect that led to 10 percent of hotel bookings being canceled.

Before the tsunami hit, occupancy rates of hotels in the tourist areas of Anyer, Carita and Tanjung Lesung were 80-90 percent. (liz/kes)