https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41 An overview of the various civil rights struggles that characterized the 50s and 60s. en-us 2021-04-05 16:23:54 UTC 2021-04-07 07:21:06 UTC hello@padlet.com 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389743845 Despite the passage of the 15th Amendment following the process of Reconstruction, by the mid 20th century various local and state governments still avowed to pieces of legislation passed during the Jim Crow era dedicated to restricting voting rights for black Americans through the use of poll taxes and literacy tests.]]> 2021-04-07 02:21:01 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389743845 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389761535 In response to the infringements on personal liberty that this disenfranchisement constituted, black communities began to organize efforts at getting black Americans registered to vote. Among the activists behind this effort at organization were figures like Rosie Head in Mississippi, Charles Siler in Louisiana and John Churchville in Georgia and Robert Clarke Jr. of Mississippi.]]> 2021-04-07 02:28:15 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389761535 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389785741 Activists won a major victory in 1964 and 1965 with the passage of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act by the federal government. Enfranchisement, at least for the moment, was guaranteed for many black Americans, and figures like Robert Clarke Jr. would even enter into political arenas which African Americans had been previously barred from, such as the Mississippi State House. As calls for legitimate protections for black voting rights grew louder, however, southern whites began to exact efforts at combatting activists and their organizations. Among these reactionary groups were organizations like the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, which also notably sought to artificially prolong the process of school integration.]]> 2021-04-07 02:36:29 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389785741 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389802924 The precedent set by the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson was still standing by the time of the 1950s, and the inequities of segregation were growing intolerable for many black Americans, especially in the educational system.]]> 2021-04-07 02:43:18 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389802924 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389814482 Organizations like the NAACP had been petitioning state governments to begin dismantling segregation as early as the 1930s, and their fight eventually developed into a widespread student movement organized under organizations like the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). These efforts would culminate in the success of Brown v. Board of Education in 1955, a court ruling that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that segregation in education was unconstitutional.]]> 2021-04-07 02:48:13 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389814482 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389828163 Despite the Supreme Court's ruling, economic modes of oppression and white violence against black students and their families prevented many from participating in school integrations,. Despite this, however, the persistence of student groups like the SNCC and individuals like Medgar Evers came to, eventually, depose the system of segregation in the majority of the country.]]> 2021-04-07 02:54:34 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389828163 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389869293 Per the Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, black Americans were forced into using subpar, racially segregated public utilities and facilities like transportation, restaurants, housing etc. ]]> 2021-04-07 03:15:21 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389869293 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389878811 Throughout the course of the 50s and 60s, organizations like the NAACP and Nation of Islam and figures like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks and Malcolm X organized efforts at combatting segregation through sit-ins, boycotts, community organization and general forms of political protest. This culminated in the March on Washington in 1963, in which MLK gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech and efforts on the part of groups like the Black Panthers under Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to pose a militant threat to the oppressive state apparatus of the United States.]]> 2021-04-07 03:20:19 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389878811 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389898103 This portion of the Civil Rights Movement was responsible for notable changes to the American state such as the adoption of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title 9 Amendment and other such acts. Despite this, notable leaders of the movement, such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. would be assassinated, the movement would fracture, groups would find themselves continually oppressed by American authorities and de facto segregation would remain in place across the country because of discriminatory policies like Redlining.]]> 2021-04-07 03:30:11 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389898103 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389906824 Latin immigrant labor in the United States, from the start of the 20th century, was frequently exploited because of the lack of substantial policy preventing abuses against Chicano workers, especially in the agricultural sector. Poor pay, conditions, threats of deportation and corporate intimidation were endemic among immigrant workers and the cooperations which controlled them.]]> 2021-04-07 03:34:46 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389906824 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389910779 Operating under various labor organizations, notably the NFWA (National Farm Workers' Association) and leaders like Cesar Chavez, Mexican workers urged reform through nonviolent protest and strikes across the American West and South.]]> 2021-04-07 03:36:49 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389910779 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389921629 Many American corporations were forced to introduce higher wages, hazard pay, safer working conditions and general humanitarian assurances for migrant workers. This process was furthered by the introduction of a widespread work visa system designed to enfranchise Mexican workers and prevent certain abuses against them on the part of corporations. Despite this, inequities are still common, with many Latin American workers still forced to contend with low pay and untenable employment situations.]]> 2021-04-07 03:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389921629 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389930573 Interracial marriage, still outlawed in 31 states by 1960, and the civil prohibition of same-sex marriage certification across the country remained an unequal standard for the majority of the 20th century.]]> 2021-04-07 03:48:30 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389930573 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389948050 As tensions developed over the prohibition of interracial marriage, Mildred and Richard Loving, an interracial couple whose marriage was not recognized by the state government of Virginia, appealed to the U.S. court system and, in 1967, overturned legislation prohibiting marriages as unconstitutional. Furthermore, in New York in 1969, oppressed members of the city's LGBTQ community responded to an instance of oppression by the NYPD by instigating a riot. This effort successfully forced the police to back off and would serve as an inspiration for a developing gay rights movement across the United States.]]> 2021-04-07 04:00:26 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389948050 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389964106 While interracial marriage has been upheld since the ruling in Loving v. Virginia, de jure racism against interracial couples persists. The gay rights movement in the United States, in time, came to develop further, implicating notable figures like Harvey Milk and organizations like the Human Rights Campaign. In time, it would achieve the total decriminalization of same-sex sexual relationships by the early 2000s, the legalization of gay marriage in 2015 and, most recently, the outlawing of employment discrimination on the basis of sexuality.]]> 2021-04-07 04:11:48 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389964106 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389977113 Throughout much of the 20th century, it was expected that American women would adhere to outdated ideas of maternalism and femininity that didn't cohere to realities concerning growing female participation in the American economy and their growing desire for personal independence.]]> 2021-04-07 04:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1389977113 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390001113 Various organizations, answering the call for an effort at female liberation, sprang up across the country to organize their efforts, with NOW (National Organization for Women), Radical Women and the SNCC all implicating themselves in the struggle. A concurrent intellectual movement developed, propelled by works like 'The Feminine Mystique' by Betty Friedan, with the whole struggle amplified by events like the protest at the Miss America Pageant of 1968.]]> 2021-04-07 04:37:04 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390001113 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390018336 Second Wave Feminism secured the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the widespread use of birth control and other forms of contraception, a statement in favor of the right for an abortion in Roe v. Wade's 1973 ruling, standards for national sexual education and a general betterment of conditions for women suffering in abusive relationships and other untenable, culturally charged situations. Despite this, however, the fight for the legitimate enforcement of equal pay, opposition to sexual harassment and assault directed against women and the overthrow of de facto methods of oppression against women continued on beyond this period well into the present day.]]> 2021-04-07 04:48:05 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390018336 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390032847 Throughout much of the country black Americans, and Americans associated with the LGBTQ community faced major discrimination in employment opportunities because of their race or sexuality. ]]> 2021-04-07 04:56:31 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390032847 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390255452 Employment rights were a key issue associated with the whole civil rights struggle, taking center stage as part of the platform of the Poor People's Campaign. Notably, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly prohibited discrimination in employment on the grounds of race, sex, religion etc. The precedent set by that law would be expanded upon following calls for transgender individuals to be recognized by the law's stipulations, something which was realized comprehensively in 2012, with previous precedents already set by court cases like Bostock v. Clayton County, and protections for gay Americans now ensured through legislation passed earlier this year.]]> 2021-04-07 06:40:43 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390255452 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390297284 Despite the de jure assurance that black Americans cannot be discriminated against in employment on the basis of their race, as part of the larger oppression and ghettoization of black communities characteristic of the 70s and 80s, many were forced into economic situations that prevented them from taking an equal place of employment beside white citizens. That being said, achievements were made by many black communities, and, in many respects, their position has profoundly improved. Additionally, members of the LGBTQ community were, eventually, incorporated into the protections of Title VII.]]> 2021-04-07 06:59:01 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390297284 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390315885 In addition to there being no official recognition of same-sex marriages in the United States, homosexuality and any other behaviors deviating from a heterosexual standard were actively outlawed in the United States.]]> 2021-04-07 07:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390315885 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390320816 A primary pursuit of the Stonewall Riots was the withdrawal of police forces from a position of absolute authority over New York City's LGBTQ community, meaning that it functionally sought to abolish a de facto state of criminalization. Additionally, it was the efforts of politicians like Harvey Milk, who promoted gay visibility and rights, that additionally helped propel forward the cause of gay liberation.]]> 2021-04-07 07:09:29 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390320816 20689381 https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390330403 A select number of states had decriminalized homosexuality by the end of the 60s. Shortly thereafter, in 1974, the American Psychiatric Association delisted homosexuality as a mental illness, marking a landmark development in the gay liberation movement. This chain of events, over time, accelerated into full rights for gay marriage in 2015 and other such advances. It is, however, worth noting that members of the LGBTQ community still face widespread familial, cultural and societal oppression, with Milk having been infamously assassinated and his killer having walked free.]]> 2021-04-07 07:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/20689381/qya2ckql5y6qdn41/wish/1390330403