CHARACTERISTICS OF CITIES (1,2 is on people, 3 and 4 is on facilities)

1.Large population size

2.High population density-the number of people in a specific location

3.Built up area-development of infrastructure many buildings and skyscrapers

4.Range of functions- accessibility of transportation, shops and attractions, hotels etc

O-overview

H-high

L-low

A-anomaly

URBAN POPULATION IS NOT THE SAME AS POPULATION

urban population-people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices

there are also 7 continents

HOMEWORK-complete notes from pg 6-9 and complete table on pg 8 write working and answer on padlet.

-a defined urban area within a country

Fact: according to untied nations , percentage of world population living in cities could rise from 50-70% in 2007 to 60% in 2030

Features that make cities unique

-Large population size

-built up area

-Range of functions

-High population density

Population density

-measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land

how to calculate density

-population density = population divided by land area

more ppl, less land area= higher population density

more ppl, more land area=lesser population density

Built up area

-an areas mostly covered by buildings and usually accomplished by extensive infrastructure

-infrastructure: the basic physical and organisational structures and facilities needed for an operation of a society and enterprise

range of functions

-cities that serve a range of functions

-

RURAL AREA- a large plot of land with very little building and people

CITIES- urban areas in a country

Relationships of cities and rural areas

1. RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

   -people moving from a rural to urban area

   -why do they migrate

   • job opportunities

   • economic reason

   • social reason(family, work purposes)

   • political reasons

   • natural disasters

cities

-large population size

-high population density

-large range of functions

-very built up

-good infrastructure

-can do high value work( constant income)

rural areas

-lower population size

-lower population density

-lesser range of functions

-less built up

-lacking of infrastructure

-cannot do high value added work(unpredictable income)

push and pull factors-(can overlap at times)

migration(ppl that move and reisde in the cities from moving from avillage or an area of lower standard of living compared to city)

push factors- migrants forced to leave their home

pull factors- migrants willingly move or attracted to the host

Environmental factors

• factors involved with the environment that will either pull u or push u towards its country

2. Provision of goods and services

   - rural areas: predominantly agricultural sectors and are lowly qualified

   -focus producing meat , fruits and vegetables

   -engage in commercial farming

   -provide a number of low-skilled workers who take up jobs in cities

   -commercial farming( farm to make money)

   - subsistence farming(farm as a hobby or for yourself)

   -rural areas bring crops from the cities to sell

   -farmers sell crops to urban areas

   -urban areas provide amenities and facilities for rural dwellers

DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSING

Formal housing

• Done formally by people

• done by government

Informal housing

• done informally by people

• not built by government

HIGH RISE VS LOW RISE

High Rise

-6 stories or more

-high density living

-usually apartments

-different facilities such as pools and playgrounds

-only found in formal settings

Low Rise

-Low density living

-Detached houses, semi detached houses, terraces and ship houses

-can be found in both informal and formal settings

characteristics of formal housing

1.Built by government or private developers

2.legal right to occupy land( no papers= u dont own the land)

3.Acess to basic services( e.g clean toilets, 24/7 clean tap water)

4.High quality building materials( metal, reinforced steel, cement)

Characteristics of Informal Housing

1. Self built squatter settlements

   • built on their own

   • squatter settlements= informal housing

2. No legal right of documentation or ownership of the land

   • fear of eviction

3. lack of basic services

   • no toilets

   • no clean water

   • rubbish is thrown anywhere and everywhere

4. built by scraps or materials lying around

JUST REMMEBER EITHER FORMAL OR INFORMAL HOUSING

Informal housing selft-built squatter settlements:

1.land or property must be unoccupied

2.must be unplanned

• materials used are either stolen or recycled or found

ADVANTAGES:

• no need pay money#

• 
  

DISADVANTAGES:

• no proper sanitation

• might kena evicted

• natural disasters can occur, destroying the persons informal housing

NO LEGAL RIGHT TO OCCUPY LAND:

• occupy government land or private property that is either

  -unattended

  -undeveloped

  -unsecured

• Risk of eviction all the time

• This place is very unsecured

  -any1 can come in and steal yo stuff

• place is undeveloped

  -not made properly

  -might collapse at any moment

LACK OF ACESS TO BASIC SERVICES

• illegal tapping or legal siphoning of electricity and water

informal housing on undesired land

LAND USE PLANNING

-decides how certain land can be used for certain reasons

-affects how certain houses are in certain places

-guidelines drawn up by government

- restrict certain activities so that can build certain type of houses

-to shape how the city looks like

-what type of land should be used of what purposes

-zoning: to restrict types of activities and enable various types of development

DEVELOPERS

-two types:

1. private developer (profit driven)

   • individual or companies

   • develop property for profit

   • sites that are commercially viable(profits)

   • easy to sell

2. public developer (people driven )

   • government agency

   • develop considering needs rather than profits(non profit)

LAND PRICES

-cheaper= more demand

-expensive = more access to basic services

-the more further the houses are from the city area the cheaper it is

-prime locations

• locations that are desirable to the people

-land prices high= cost of house high

HOUSING FINANCIAL SUPPORT

-how government subsidises land when u decided to buy the land

-can reduce the cost of house so its easier to buy houses

Positive effects

• Education and employment

  -Creates opportunities to upgrade or better yourself

  -ensures people have a good work-study opportunities

  -large pool of skilled workers

  -Businesses will be attracted

• Technological development

  -cities increases probability of innovation

  -funding from government and investors

Negative effects

• Increased environment pollution

• Competition for natural resources

  -may cause unhappiness or environmental issues

3rd World Countries

• Land

• workers-lowly skilled/mundane skills

• Cheap labour -cost of production is low

Cities have

1. developed infrastructure

2. availability of services

3. opportunities eg education

sustainable - meeting our own needs without jeopardising the resources of the future generations( 2 ways to apply this)

1. dont overuse yo shit

2. protecting any renewable sources

   -sunlight energy

   -water

   -air

THREE Es TO OBTAIN SUSTAINABILITY

1. Environment

   • how uw ur environment to look like

2. economy

   • money wise

3. equity

   -Every1 gets the same thing

   -to ensure every1 can do smth e.g doing diff things to certain ppl of diff heights to see over a fence

HOW HOUSING HAS AFFECTED THE ENVIRONMENT

1.Use of natural resources

-to build for housing

-wood

-metal

-Fossil fuels (carbon)

2.Environmental pollution

-Air pollution

-Land pollution

-water pollution

-sound pollution

-all can be caused by housing

how to prevent

-less deforestation

-meeting our own needs without compromising the ability for future generations to meet their own needs

-can be applied in two ways

• 1. not overusing the current level of resources

• 2. protecting renewable sources of energy like water

1. How does housing affect the natural environment

   • affect the environment negatively

   • pollutes or harms the environment(deforestation, air pollution, noise* or sound pollution and water pollution)

   • use of natural resources

     -wood (forest/trees)

     -aluminium/iron(mines)

     -fossil fuels (used for transport of materials)

     -negative impact to the environment if its extracted excessively and carelessly to use for human needs

2. How does access to housing affect people

   • provision of basic needs

     -higher quality of housing the better

     -whats required,

     -strong and safe shelter

     -proper waste removal

     -clean water for consumption and sanitation

   • provision of basic amenities

     • two types: essential and useful

     • essential amenities

       -required amenities like hospitals, clinics markets

       -if none of this , quality oof life will drop

     • useful amenities

       -not necessarily needed but is still useful like hawker center, library parks

3. presence of communities

   • making friends and seeking companionship

   • essential for mental and physical well being

   • integrated Land use planning different stakeholders make decisions on how the city should be developed in the most balanced and sustainable way

     
     

• connects people between different locations

• provides opportunities for social interaction and economic trade

• has nodes (station) and routes

WHAT MAKES UP A TRANSPORT SYSTEM

1.Density of Networks

• contain nodes that are linked by routes

• each node represents a location and the routes are how u get to that specific location

• nodes are the entry or exit point of a route

• route represents path of travel between locations

• routes can vary in distance

• Network density: number of nodes and routes are there

• the more nodes and routes, the denser the network

• denser networks means more accessible and more convenient

  
  

2. Quality of Infrastructure

• the quality of the materials made for the networks and modes of transport

• what the train is made of

• the materials of the routes

  
  

3. variety of modes

- many types of modes :

• water , land or air transport

• nodes and routes like buses or trains

• customised point to point transport like cabs taxis or grab

• can move along fixed routes or customised routes

WHERE ARE THE TRANSPOT NODES LOCATED IN A CITY

-Major and minor nodes depending on the importance of the place

-Terminal: facility where passengers originate or terminate in the transportation process

FACTORS THAT SEPRATE MAJOR AND MINOR NODES

1. Concentration of activity

• many types such as leisure, banking, manufacture, retail and finance

• example : In sg most mrt stations are located in the Central District Area where its more city like and where its more busy

• nodes could be major due to its cultural heritage or it may be a popular touritst attraction

• nodes are usually found in areas of high concentration of activites or good local accessibility

• high concentration of activity:

  
  

2. Level of accessibility

   • accessibility is the ease of reaching destinations or activites

   • most people would base their travels on how long it takes and how much money it costs to go there

   • if the transportation time is short and the cost of gong there is low this means it has high accessibility

   • accessibility could also mean how many ways u can use to go there

   • good local accessibility:

3. why are transport systems located in cities?

• enables people and goods and services to move around easier

4. How do transports systems support connections

• unimodal tansportations

  -diff locations can only be travelled by one bus

• intermodal transportsation

  -diff locations casn be acesed by diff modes of trasnport

WHAT DETERMINES A GOOD TRANSPORT SYSTEM?

Capicity-number of people or goods that can be moved

coverage-availability or reach

frequency-how often or consistent the transport system is

convenience- how accessible it is

environmental sustainability- whether it is environmentally friendly

VARIETY OR MODES IN CITIES

1. Fixed routes and stops

2. Fixed schedule

3. point to point services (non-stop)

4. customised services

WHERE ARE TRANSPORT NODES LOCATED IN A CITY?

1. Concentration of activities

   -CBD area (earns the most amount of money)

   • finance or money related companies reside there/ financial hub

   • sg largest work force is located here

   -The type of activites around the are

   -variety of important services

   • banking

   • manufacturing

   • education

   • retail

   • recreation

   -/

2. Level of accessibility

   -saves time

   -saves money

   -efficient

   -accessible

   -many different routes = more ways to go there = possible less time consuming routes to go

WHY ARE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS LOCATED IN A CITY

1. movement of people

2. movement of goods and services

3. connection between transport nodes

4. connection between citites

cities: urban area within a country

what makes up a city?

1. Large population size

   • largest population size compared to other locations within the country

2. High population density

   • the number of people living in a unit area of land

   • Formula : population of the people in the country/location/area divided by the land area (in Km)

   • more ppl, less land area= higher population density

     more ppl, more land area=lesser population density

3. Built up area

   • an area that is mainly covered by buildings or accompanied by extensive infrastructure

   • infrastructure: basic physical and organisational structures and facilities.

4. Range of functions

   • more convenient = more range of functions and basic services

   • functions: how they help the city to operate and sustain

PULL AND PUSH FACTORS

• push factors: Push factors are negative conditions at a place of origin that drive people to leave

• push factors: Pull factors are positive attractions at a destination that draw people to move there

• structures or buildings developed to shelter people from the elements (e.g rain, sun, etc)

whats a good quality of life?/

-definition: a persons well being

-factors of good quality of life or measures for a good quality of life:

• gross domestic product (GPD)

• Employment rate

• literacy levels

• life expectancy

• Pollution index

-3 factors to ensure a god quality of life

1. Providing safe housing

• basic human need

• issue arises due to migration lack of materials or overpopulation

2. considering the needs of different groups

TYPES OF HOUSING :

• FORMAL HOUSING

• INFORMAL HOUSING

-can be planned/ unplanned

-made of different variety of materials

-can be in various shapes or sizes

-can be permanent or temporary houses

HIGH RISE VS LOW RISE BUILDINGS

-High rise buildings

• high density living

• usually apartments

• facilities such as playgrounds

-Low rise buildings

• low density living

• lack of facilities

• villages etc

CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMAL HOUSING

1.Built by government or private developers

• HDB(housing development board)

2.Legal right to occupy land

• land rights: individuals can freely obtain use and posses land as long as they dont disrupt the others individual rights

• purpose; ensures humans feel safe and secure / provides a sense of security

• land rights allow homeowners to live on, sell or lease to others

3. Access to basic services

• definition: public services that meet the basic human needs (e.g pubic sanitation, clean drinking water, basic healthcare, education , hygiene)

• service usu provided by the government that is needed to be provided

• purpose: for convenience, easier to build additional services and cost is lower and cheaper

4.High Quality buildings materials

• sturdy type shit

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL HOUSING

1.Self built squatter settlements

• built by individuals on unoccupied lands in an unplanned manner

• construction of squatters using salvaged stolen or recycled materials

2.No legal right to occupy land

• occupies government land or private property that is unattented, unsecured and undeveloped

• at risk of eviction at any point of time

3.Lack of basic services

• lack of necessary access of basic services

• higher rates of illegal taping or legal siphoning

• higher rates of mismanagement (e.g poor sanitasion etc)

-humans have diff needs for both survival and to live comfortably

• food (to eat)

• electricity (to power up electrical appliance)

• water (to drink and to clean )

• space (for comfort and for disposal of waste)

• Natural materials (to create products and use)

-needs require natural resources either directly or indirectly

-the more and faster we use natural resources the faster it will run out

TRANSPORT SYSTEMS :

1.Density of transport network

2.Quality if transport infrastructure

3.Variety of transport modes

Purpose:

• connect people between different locations

• provide oppurtnities for social interactions

• provide opportunities for social interactions

• connect cities

transport systems is made of 3 components

1.networks --> density of network

2.infrastructure --> quality of infrastructure

3.modes --> variety of modes