Concept Map 10 by Sophie Gregoretti

key

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 03:59:32 UTC

blue = lecture

green = textbook

purple = in class

metabolism of small molecule and peptide transmitters

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neurotransmitters

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NT structure

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NT function

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non-peptide

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small MW TM

modified amines

acetylcholine (Ach)

amino acids

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate

Biogenic amines (monoamines

histamine
catecholamine: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
indolamine: serotonin (5HT)

peptide

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:32:13 UTC

neuropeptides

hypothalamic

oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin, neurohormones

opiate

b-endorphines, enkephalins, dynorphins

gut-brain

neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, VIP

growth factors

NGF, BDNF

unconventional NTs: gases

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:35:04 UTC

carbon monoxide
nitric oxide

ACh

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:37:06 UTC

function: memory storage & recall, slows heart rate, motor control

receptors: ionotropic: nicotinic, metabotropic: muscotropic

location:

vesicle transporter:

signal termination:

glutamate (Glu)

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:37:25 UTC

function: main excitatory transmitter in the brain

receptors: ionotropic: AMPA, kanate, NMDRs metabotropic: mGluR

location: throughout the brain

vesicle transporter: VGluT

signal termination: sodium dependent cotransporter

GABA and glycine

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:37:37 UTC

function: inhibitory

receptors: ionotropic GABAa and GABAc, metabotropic GABAb

location: GABA in CNS, glycine in PNS

vesicle transporter:

signal termination: cleared with small co transporters

dopamine

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:38:16 UTC

function: motivation, motor control

receptors: metabotropic

location: substatial nigra, basal ganglia, vental tegmental nucleus accumben

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: monoamine oxidase (MAO), or a cotransporter

norepinephrine (NE)

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:39:09 UTC

function: wakefulness, attention, feeding

receptors: metabotropic

location: locus coeruleus

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: sodium cotransporters

histamine

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:40:07 UTC

function: arousal & attention, reactivity of vestibular system, allergies

receptors:

location: hypothalamus

vesicle transporter: VMAT vesicular monoamine transporter

signal termination: enzymes: histamine methel transferase, monoamine oxidase

allergies, antihistamines --> cross the blood brain barrier also make us drowsy bc vesitbular system

serotonin (5HT)

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:42:00 UTC

function: sleep, wakefulness, emotions, circadian rhythms, mental alertness, excitatory response

receptors: metabotropic

location: raphe nuclei in the pons

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: MAO or a cotransporter

peptides = neurohormones

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-04 15:43:24 UTC

function: emotion and perception of pain

work on metabotrobic receptors

receptor: depends on location

synthesis: in ER and golgi

immature secratory granule: at level of ER, you have pre-pro-NGF
then at level of golgi, you have to cleave the pre off, so now you have pro-NGF
mature secratory granule: then you cleave off the pro form, so now you have fully functional NGF

small peptides = classical NTs --> in synaptic terminal

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-06 21:16:25 UTC

low MW synthesize in synaptic terminals and packaged in small clear vesicles

small peptide --> in cell body

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-06 21:17:16 UTC

made through transcription in the cell body and transported to the synaptic terminal in large dense-core vesicles

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-06 21:17:38 UTC

gasses are for neural communication

ONLY HORMONES AND NTs ARE PACKAGED INTO VESICLES

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diffusion

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-06 23:59:15 UTC

major contributor to onset nad termination of NT action

diffuses from site of release to NT binding location
>>post synaptic cleft in CNS
outside of CNS, no synaptic cleft, there are just receptor some distance from where they were released

properties of main categories of NTs

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-07 00:01:36 UTC

vesicular transporters used by low MW NTs

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gregoretti668 — 2023-11-07 00:11:43 UTC

produced by all preganglionic autonomic motor neurons

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promotes wakefulness, receptor antagonists cause drowsiness

monoamines

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modulate every fxn in the CNs, including thermoregulation, muscle tones, poster, sleep-wake cycling, motivation, and affect

to be a NT, it must have

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produced / generated in the cell (in the neuron)
must be released during action potential
must activate a NT receptor (must bind and create response)
need to have some kind of termination

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diffuse through extracellular space

regulate calcium binding by binding to calcium sensor on the vesicle (part of the SNARE complex)
no a NT bc it's not produced in the cell
a secondary molecule

ALL OF THESE ARE IN CLEAR CORE/ ENDOSOMAL GRANUALES

gregoretti668 — 2023-11-07 15:48:14 UTC

except for dopamine, norepinephrine that are dense core