UN Slavery Fund Research (Momoka, Rina K, Mino, Rina T) by Rina Kitazawa https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm Made with a wish on a star en-us 2021-10-01 00:02:25 UTC 2024-10-13 00:26:38 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f30e.png Romania 2024kirin2_1 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1782778955 Statistics
  • 86,000 of people are in modern slavery 
  • Authorities identified 596 victims (429 sex trafficking, 131 labor trafficking, and 36 victims of attempted or uncategorized trafficking), compared with 698 in 2019 and 497 in 2018. Of the 596 victims, 255 were children.
  • Human trafficking in Romania strongly intertwines with migration and encompasses the following activities including prostitution, begging, theft, forced labor and organ cropping.

Type of modern slavery
  • Human trafficking 
    • In Maria’s case, she was trafficked for sexual exploitation. Sexual exploitation includes rape, prostitution, sexual photography, witnessing sexual acts and sexual assault or sexual acts to which the adult has not consented or was pressured into consenting. 
Ages and sexes of victims
  • Maria was a 16 year-old girl when she moved in with her boyfriend and had a baby. As he turned violent, she moved out while being impregnated with her second baby. However, she was sold to men by her ex-boyfriend and was kept a prisoner for months. She was repeatedly raped and beaten. 

Laws to prevent or punish 
  • Romania prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons through Law No. 678/2001, which prescribes penalties of three to 15 years' imprisonment. These penalties are sufficiently stringent and commensurate with penalties prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape.

Groups who work to help and stop modern slavery
  • ADPARE an NGO
  • On February 1 2014, the new Criminal Code came into force, bringing about changes to the anti-trafficking legislative framework.
  • The new Criminal Code responds to the practical needs that have long been calling for criminal law adjustments, while also meeting the relevant European standards. 
]]> 2021-10-01 00:24:09 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1782778955 Ghana 2024kirin2_1 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1782779151 Statistics 
  • 133,000 in modern slavery
  • The government reported identifying and referring to 391 trafficking victims in 2020, compared with identifying 611 victims in 2019. Additionally, NGOs identified 108 trafficking victims, compared with identifying 172 during the previous year. Of the total 499 victims, there were 454 victims of labor trafficking and 45 victims of sex trafficking, compared with 508 labor trafficking and 98 sex trafficking victims in 2019.

Type of Human enslavement
  • Child labor
    • As of 2018, 22 percent of Ghanaian children aged five to eleven years were already involved in economic activities for 43 hours or more a week. Moreover, 11 percent of children aged 12 to 14 years were doing household chores for 28 hours or more weekly, while 29 percent of children aged 15 to 17 years were working under hazardous working conditions at the moment of the survey.
Ages and sexes of victim
  • Ebo was an 8 year old boy when his mother put him and his sister to become slaves, where he learned to paddle canoes, cast nets and perform dangerous tasks of untangling the net. He worked for 8 years with his sister and her husband, performing risk taking tasks everyday. 
  • “We work three times daily. We start work at 4 a.m., work till noon, and then come back home and go on the lake again at 2 p.m. until 6 p.m.; then we go to cast the last net at night.

Laws to prevent or punish 
  • The Act permits the engagement of children in labor but provides strict conditions for such engagements.Section 12 of the Act prohibits any person from engaging a child in exploitive labor. The Act defines exploitive labor as any labor that deprives a child of health, education, or development. 
  • Children are barred in the Act from engaging in hazardous work that poses a danger to health, safety, or morals of a person. Hazardous work includes going to sea, mining and quarrying, porterage of heavy loads, manufacturing where chemicals are produced or used, work in places where machines are used, or work in places such as bars, hotels, and places of entertainment where a person may be exposed to immoral behavior. 
  • Minimum age for admission for children into employment is fifteen. 

Groups who work to help stop modern slavery 
  • Ghanian NGO 
  • Challenging Heights
  • Forest Trends -Specific emphasis on the Cocoa sector 
  • UNICEF
]]> 2021-10-01 00:24:16 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1782779151 Mauritania 2024tari2 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1783297803
  1. Statistical Data
    • Mauritania has a population of 3.4 million, and it is said that 340,000 to 680,000 people live in slavery which is 10-20% of the population.
    • Slavery was abolished in 1981 and it became a crime in 2007.
  2. Which types 
    •  Traditional Slavery. In the story, it mentions that they have been in the situation of human enslavement since they were born, and also experienced physical abuse until Said was able to escape.
  3. Ages and sexes of victims
    • They are brothers of 13 and 15 years old and their names are Said and Yarg
    • "Said and Yarg, two brothers from Mauritania respectively 15 and 13 years old, were owned by a master since their birth."
  4. Laws to prevent or punish
    • In November of 2011, their master was found guilty under Mauritania’s 2007 anti-slavery law, This law declares slavery a crime against humanity and raises the act of slavery from an 'offense' to a 'crime', raising sentences of imprisonment to 10 to 20 years. This was the first successful case under this law.
  5. Groups who work to help and stop modern slavery
    • SOS Esclaves and Minority Rights Group Organization (MRG) this organization works to support minorities and indigenous communities across the world. It has teamed up with a leading Mauritanian anti-slavery organization, SOS-Esclaves, to provide legal support to victims of traditional slavery in Mauritania.

]]> 2021-10-01 04:22:22 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1783297803 Lebanon 2024tari2 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1783298180
  1.  Statistical Data
    • The total population of Lebanon is a little less than 6 million, and it is estimated that around 10,000 people living under modern slavery.
    • There is an estimated proportion of the 1.72 per 1000 population living in modern slavery.
    • The Vulnerability to modern slavery is 58.92/100.
  2. Which types (refer to pages 6-7)
    • The story of Jonalyn refers to forced labor (domestic servitude) as she has faced psychological and physical torture at the hands of her employers.
  3. Ages and sexes of victims
    • Through the story, it is clear that the victim is a female, however, it does not clear about her age nor clues about her age.
    • In general, those who are 25-34 years old have the highest percentage of 23% in the category of forced labor.
  4. Laws to prevent or punish
    • Lebanon is obliged under international human rights law to ensure that domestic workers and migrant workers have protections equal to those for other workers under the law. The contract is the only legal document that a migrant domestic worker has in Lebanon.
  5. Groups who work to help and stop modern slavery
    • Caritas Lebanon Migrant Center (CLMC) is a group that seeks to protect and assist victims of domestic servitude and trafficking in Lebanon. It provides them shelters, integrated social assistance, and options for durable solutions to victims, with the cooperation of the Lebanon authority. 

]]> 2021-10-01 04:22:38 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1783298180 Johanne's story 2024hami1_1 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785666478 Statistics:
  • According to UNICEF, there are an estimated 225,000 children, primarily female, between the ages of 5-17 living as restaveks in Haiti.
  • As reported by the Global Slavery Index, in 2014, there were an estimated 237,700 victims of modern slavery, making it the country with the second-highest prevalence of slavery in the world.

Type:
  • Child Domestic Servitude
    • Child Domestic Servitude is a form of trafficking children. And oftentimes, they are asked to perform tasks in private homes such as cooking, cleaning, laundry.

Ages and Sexes of Victims:
  • Johanne became a victim of human trafficking and a child domestic slave at the age of 9.
  • She was forced to perform numerous house chores and she was prohibited from attending school.

Laws to prevent or punish:
  • In 2014, one of the laws related to the issue of modern enslavement was passed, criminalizing trafficking with penalties up to 15 years of imprisonment.
  • In 2003, Haiti passed an act that outlawed the placement of children into domestic servitude.

Groups who work to help and stop modern slavery:
  • Restavek Freedom Foundation (RFF)
    • The purpose of this Restavek Freedom Foundation is to end child slavery in Haiti in their lifetime.

Solutions:
  • Reduce poverty 
    • The major cause of Modern enslavement is poverty. And in Haiti, 59% of the population lives under the poverty line. Therefore, reducing poverty can result in a decrease in the number of victims of modern slavery.
]]> 2021-10-02 09:15:41 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785666478 Aasha's story 2024hami1_1 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785782293 Statistics:
  • According to a survey reported by Walk Free Foundation, more than 230,000 people in Nepal are living in modern slavery.
  • The government of Nepal identified an estimated 14,150 child bonded laborers working in several sectors including fieldwork and domestic work.

Type:
  • Bonded Labor
    • Bonded labor, also known as debt bondage is a specific form of forced labor in which people give themselves to slavery as security against loans.

Ages and Sexes of victims:
  • At the age of 10, Aasha was sent by her own family to become a Kamalari slave in a local landlord’s house.  
  • She was forced to perform chores such as washing up, cooking, taking care of the children, cleaning the house, and collecting cow dung.

Laws to prevent or punish:
  • On June 13, minister Chandra Sumsher abolished the Kamaiya and Kamlari slavery in Nepal.
  • There is a punishment for those who enslave people under the bonded labor system.
  • The government of Nepal had also banned human trafficking directly in the country's constitution.

Groups who work to help and stop modern slavery:
  • The Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) 
    • The NEFIN is an organization that assists indigenous women who had experienced bonded labor.

Solutions:
  • Reducing poverty 
    • Poverty is known as the major cause of human enslavement. Of the people living in Nepal, 25% of people are living below the poverty line, which makes Nepal one of the poorest countries in the world. Accordingly, I believe by reducing poverty, we can decrease the number of people who are victims of modern slavery.
]]> 2021-10-02 11:45:53 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785782293 Burkina Faso 2024sumo2 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785839119 Statistics: 
  • Burkina government has identified at least 851 victims of trafficking, and 2,844 potential victims of trafficking (including an estimated 1,350 homeless children

Types of modern slavery: 
  • Diane was a victim of human trafficking
  • There exist multiple types of modern slavery in Burkina Faso including human trafficking, domestic slavery, child labor, and forced labor in the gold mining industry

Ages and sexes of victims: 
  • Diane is a 30-year-old woman from Burkina Faso who was kept as a domestic slave in Paris after being trafficked from Burkina Faso a country in West Africa. 
  • Burkina Faso is a country of origin, transit, and destination for persons, mostly children, subjected to human trafficking
  • Women tricked into forced prostitution
  • Boys trafficked for exploitation 

Laws to prevent or punish: 
  • Burkina Faso has a tier two status meaning the government is not taking enough measures and complying with 2008’s anti-trafficking law. However, the 2008 anti-trafficking law prohibits all forms of trafficking and prescribes maximum punishments for convicted offenders as high as 20 years or life imprisonment

Solutions our group came up with: 
Enforcing laws regarding human trafficking. 
As mentioned above, Burkina Faso does fully complies with the 2008 anti-trafficking law, which most likely means enforcing this law would be the best way to decrease human trafficking.



]]> 2021-10-02 12:44:57 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785839119 India 2024sumo2 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785844988 Statistics:
  • 18.3 million victims of modern slavery in India (2016)
  • 51 out of every 100 people in India are vulnerable to modern slavery
  • The majority of bonded laborers (around 90%) are predominantly from scheduled castes and minority groups.
  • The estimated number of sex workers in India is three million, of whom 1.2 million are below 18 years of age.
  • Domestic services 
    • As many as 4.2 million people, including men, women, and children, work as gardeners, cleaners, drivers, cooks, and caregivers across the entire country.

Types of modern slavery: 
  • In the case of Rekha, she was involved in manual scavenging, forced labor, and caste-based slavery. 
  • There exist multiple different types of modern slavery in India. Some include Bonded labor, forced begging, forced marriage, domestic services, and commercial sex work.

Age and sex of victims: 
  • Rekha Bai is a 32-year-old woman from India. She was married off to a man at a young age, whose mother was involved in manual scavenging due to her caste. 
  • The Asia-Pacific region has the highest number of people living under conditions of modern slavery. Almost 46% of human trafficking is reported from this region. While 83% of victims are male, around 17% are female.
  • Forced- and child marriage are high in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, and Indonesia. A sex-ratio imbalance, resulting in absence of brides in India, has fuelled the trafficking of women and forced marriage.

Laws to prevent or punish: 
  • India has criminalized most forms of modern slavery, including trafficking, slavery, forced labor, and child sexual exploitation, in its Penal Code.
  • Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection, and Rehabilitation) Bill calls for the creation of a special agency to investigate trafficking crimes, anti-trafficking committees at the district, state, and central levels, and the establishment of special courts to prosecute trafficking crimes. It also includes provisions for cross-border repatriation of victims from other neighboring countries. 

Solutions our group came up with:
Decreasing poverty
  • Caste-based slavery is something which is hard to diminish since it deals with a person's caste or social status and can be passed down generations. However, the Indian government has been working to reduce the inequalities regarding people's castes. For example, according to BBC News, "Independent India's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste, and, in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged, the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes and tribes, the lowest in the caste hierarchy"
]]> 2021-10-02 12:50:26 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785844988 France 2024sumo2 https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785850095 Statistics:
  • The Global Slavery Index estimates that there were 129,000 people living in modern slavery in France on any given day in 2016, reflecting a prevalence rate of 2.0 victims for every thousand people in the country.
  • NGOs in France assisted 1,826 victims of human trafficking in 2015. These victims largely came from Nigeria, Romania, and Morocco. Out of the 1,826 victims identified, the major industries of exploitation included the sex industry (1,476 out of the 1,826 victims), domestic work (185 victims), forced labor (80), forced criminality (66), and forced begging (13)

Types of modern slavery:
  • In the case of Diane, she was involved in domestic slavery in France.
  • There exist multiple forms of modern slavery in France including the modern slave trade, domestic slavery, sweatshop workers, and minors who were forced to work as beggars and thieves to help criminal organizations.

Ages and sexes of victims: 
  • Diane is a 30-year-old woman from Burkina Faso who was kept as a domestic slave in Paris after being trafficked from Burkina Faso a country in West Africa. 
  • Women and girls make up the large majority of domestic workers, possibly due to long-held cultural associations between females and domestic work.

Laws to prevent or punish:
  • As a member of the European Union, France is required to implement EU Directive 2011/36/EU on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings. Nationally, human trafficking is criminalized by Article 225-4-1 of the Penal code, which defines the crime as the act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, housing or receiving a person under certain circumstances for exploitation
  • Forced marriage is criminalized under Article 222-14-4 (forcing a person to marry abroad) of the Criminal Code

Solution our group came up with: 
More explicit and strict laws to prevent human trafficking. 
  • 24.9 million victims are trapped in modern-day slavery. Of these, 16 million (64%) were exploited for labor, meaning with the government passing more strict laws on human trafficking, there will be fewer victims being exploited or involved in forced labor, especially outside of their own country.
]]> 2021-10-02 12:55:13 UTC https://padlet.com/2024kirin2_1/quo87m8b6ms26clm/wish/1785850095