https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka Before its colonization and the mass genocide of the Tutsi people of Rwanda, it was a diverse nation full of rich culture and traditions. en-us 2022-12-06 19:18:51 UTC 2022-12-08 18:27:46 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f1f7-1f1fc.png ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413402251 Hutu - 84%
Tutsi - 15%
Twa - 1%]]> 2022-12-07 19:32:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413402251 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413408952 (top to bottom) 

Tutsi: wealthy and powerful
 - main occupation: raising livestock
 - symbol: cattle

Hutu: poorer, majority of Rwandans
 - main occupation: cultivating land
 - symbol: land

Twa: forest dwelling, original inhabitants
 - main occupation: hunting
 - hated by Hutu and Tutsi who believe they are dirty and dishonest
 - symbol: forest]]> 2022-12-07 19:38:44 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413408952 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413414250 Main diet: beans, bananas, sweet potatoes, potatoes, sorghum
Meat: primarily beef, goat, and chicken]]> 2022-12-07 19:43:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413414250 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413414811 - possession of cattle
- elaborate hair styles
- distinctive dress]]> 2022-12-07 19:44:07 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413414811 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413417888 In the House
- men: heavy jobs, like construction
- women: maintaining household, raising children, preparing food

On the Farm
 - men: clear land and assist women in breaking the soil, overseeing livestock
 - women: break soil, planting, weeding, harvesting]]> 2022-12-07 19:46:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413417888 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413419940 Marriage
- pressure to marry and have children is heavy 
- having children is an important social duty
- consider children a sign of wealth

Inheritance
- once father retires or dies, land and property is split between his sons
- eldest son takes care of mother and unmarried sisters]]> 2022-12-07 19:48:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413419940 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413424698 - Tutsi children sent to royal court for training and initiation
- 60% of children attend school (fee to attend was too much for some families)
- little emphasis on higher education -> less than 10% attend high school]]> 2022-12-07 19:52:35 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413424698 ziqjia874 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413427880 Sitting and Eating
- chairs reserved for men, others sit on mats on the floor
- men eat first, women and children after
- visitors given the best chairs and first choice of food and drink

Salutation
- always shake hands when meeting people
- when greeting of higher rank: extend right hand while placing left hand on right arm
- when greeting of equal rank: hold one another by shoulders and brush heads together on both sides]]> 2022-12-07 19:55:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413427880 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413440284 Rwandan kingdom found ]]> 2022-12-07 20:08:05 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413440284 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413442112 Rwanda is colonized by Germany, who conduct indirect rule through the Tutsi Monarchy 
- Rwanda became a part of German East Africa
- The fact that Germany first colonized Rwanda is an important fact to note to understand how Belgium got Rwanda after ]]> 2022-12-07 20:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413442112 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413444798 Belgium gains control of Rwanda, who also rule through Tutsi Monarchy 
- They gain control after Germany's defeat in WW1, because of Germany's defeat the League of Nations decided to give Rwanda to Belgium ]]> 2022-12-07 20:13:06 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413444798 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413446471 Belgium creates identity cards for the citizens of Rwanda (shown above), categorizing them as Tutsi, Hutu or Twa based on their genetics 
- The most notable decision made by Belgium, as it leaves a lasting divide between the ethnicities ]]> 2022-12-07 20:14:54 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413446471 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413451145 - Uganda in the north
- Tanzania in the east
- Burundi in the south
- Democratic Republic of the Congo in the west]]> 2022-12-07 20:18:57 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413451145 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413451634 The Tutsi King unexpectedly dies and his half brother takes the throne 
- After this there was a lot of fighting between political groups UNAR (the pro-monarchists) and the PARMEHUTU (the anti-monarchists)
- This caused many Tutsis to flee the country, going to places like Uganda ]]> 2022-12-07 20:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413451634 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413454662 Tutsi monarchy was abolished by a legislative election, a huge win for PARMEHUTU
-  Grégoire Kayibanda (in above picture) of the PARMEHUTU party became president of Rwanda  ]]> 2022-12-07 20:23:00 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413454662 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413455072 - Mild temperatures averaging 70 degrees Fahrenheit
- Varying temperatures between regions like the colder northwest or hotter highlands
- 45 inches of rain annually]]> 2022-12-07 20:23:26 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413455072 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413457714 Rwanda gains independence from Belgium after the agreement that they could not have political union 
- General Assembly voted in June 1962, and on July 1st Rwanda announced their independence ]]> 2022-12-07 20:26:12 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413457714 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413458607 - Severe soil erosion from farming, slopes, deforestation, and rainfall
- Soil quality dependent on its formation
- Best soils are formed from alluvium and volcanic lavas
- Poorer quality soils formed from metamorphic bedrock]]> 2022-12-07 20:27:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413458607 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413462206 Thousands of Tutsi's are killed because President Kayabanda was of the PARMEHUTU party, which believed in a Hutu only state
- Tutsis were no longer considered citizens but were considered foreigners
- Any Tutsis with power, the government tried to silence 
- A lot of Tutsi's fleed]]> 2022-12-07 20:31:16 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413462206 triayy348 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413462574  - Food is rarely eaten in public 
 - In ceremonies full meals are never given, but instead the meals are spread out. 
 - When some one is visiting it is customary to give them food
- host eats/sips the food/drink first to show that it is not poisoned]]> 2022-12-07 20:31:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413462574 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413465290 Juvénal Habyarimana (shown above) takes over through a coup
- Many people were dissatisfied with Kayibanda's rule, and so was Juvenal Habyarimana killed Kayibanda and some of the most powerful people in the country 
- However his rule was not perfect either, elections were not only rigged the media was also censored ]]> 2022-12-07 20:34:48 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413465290 triayy348 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466043 - Rwandans believe life after death, showing respect to dead family members is extremely important
- Rituals must be performed to please dead family members or else evil spirits will hurt them ]]> 2022-12-07 20:35:37 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466043 triayy348 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466326 - Dance is very important in Rwandan culture
- Tutsi men were taught to dance in the royal court in a form of martial arts
-  Dance has been preserved and taught in schools
- Dance was also an important part of ceremonies and celebrations
-it is used to tell stories and pass down culture]]> 2022-12-07 20:35:55 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466326 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466579 - Very little naturally occurring vegetation
- Lake Kivu, largest Rwandan lake, has Mediterranean-esque vegetation on its shores
- Bamboo forests to the east of the Virungu Mountains]]> 2022-12-07 20:36:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466579 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466914 The economy suffers because of coffee prices being lowered, and coffee is Rwanda’s biggest export.
- At the same time there was also a severe resource crisis]]> 2022-12-07 20:36:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413466914 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413468259 - Elevations can range from 4000-14800 feet
- Mount Karisimbi is the highest point in Rwanda]]> 2022-12-07 20:38:01 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413468259 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413469567 A civil war breaks out between RPF (a political party in Uganda made of Tutsi refugee's children) and Rwanda 
- Discrimination in Uganda against Tutsis will give them the idea they need to go back to Rwanda and conquer it 
- NRM (National Resistance Movement) took power in Uganda, and a RPF member in the NRM, Paul Kagame, rose to power and called the invasion into Rwanda ]]> 2022-12-07 20:39:30 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413469567 bosliu460 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413469763 - Most rivers are found to the east of the Congo-Nile divide
- Kagera/Akagera river forms most of the border between Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania]]> 2022-12-07 20:39:45 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413469763 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413471345 As a result of the war the Hutu and Tutsi divide becomes stronger, 15% of population was internally displaced, and Rwandan state was losing the war 
- As war effort, citizens became armed which would later play a big part in the genocide ]]> 2022-12-07 20:41:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413471345 chawen620 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413473098 The president Juvénal Habyarimana is assassinated when his plane is shot out of the sky
- This symbolized what would happen to Hutu people if Tutsi people came to power, which sparked the genocide between Hutu and Tutsi people ]]> 2022-12-07 20:43:32 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413473098 triayy348 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413671678 - Held to celebrate important occasions, like the birth of the child or a marriage
- celebration of a birth can last up to eight days
- There is always dancing and traditional food]]> 2022-12-08 01:19:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413671678 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413822338 - Until 1895, independent Tutsi monarchy ruled nation
- Country was split into an elite Tutsi and a poor Hutu majority
- Political and social structures by end of the pre-colonized period, especially by Tutsi King Rwabugiri
- King Rwabugiri confiscated land of Tutsi and Hutu lineages and eroded their political power
- Emphasized feudal labor systems that exempted the Tutsi and were restricted to only the Hutu
- Changed social categories and introduced an "ethnic difference" between Tutsi and Hutu based on historical social position ]]> 2022-12-08 03:59:38 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413822338 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413827395 - 1895: became German province
- (after WW1) 1918: Belgium took control of Rwanda through a League of Nations mandate (ruled through indirect rule)
- Germans and Belgians both supported Tutsi leadership --> political monopoly
- 1933: rigidification of identities through ID cards that included ethnic identity --> tension
- under European colonialization, ethnogenesis theory was encouraged ]]> 2022-12-08 04:07:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413827395 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413869965 - Belgians under pressure and influence of: decolonization process of Africa, rise of political independence in Congo, and attempt to address past injustices --> colonial administration and Catholic church shifted support to the Hutu majority
- 1959: King died
- 1959-1961: Hutu (or peasant) revolution
- First elections in Rwanda in 1960 and Hutu majority was elected
- Transitioned from Tutsi monarchy to a Hutu dominated republic
- Thousands of Tutsi people were murdered and over 100,000 had to flee to neighboring countries (like Uganda)
- Replacement from one political elite to another led to political and social instability]]> 2022-12-08 05:01:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413869965 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884494 - 1962: Belgium allowed independence of Rwandans 
- George Kayibanda from Hutu nationalist party took charge
- Hutu majority resulted in discrimination against Tutsi
- Tutsi people excluded from good jobs and implemented education quotas
- political culture of condensed social control --> allowed policies that mobilized or manipulated Rwandese rural people
- Tensions increased as there was more pressure on Rwandan economy, leading to rising levels of poverty and discontent]]> 2022-12-08 05:19:02 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884494 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884609 Causes: 
- Decline in world prices for coffee and tea, Rwanda's main exporters
- Drought
- Economic policies such as protectionism, price controls, etc.

other factors:
- Decreasing agricultural yield

effects:
-  GDP per capita fell by 40% in US Dollars from 1989-1993
- Rising levels of poverty (significant population growth led to farmers lacked enough land to provide for themselves and their families)
- More political tension]]> 2022-12-08 05:19:10 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884609 rosjos310 https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884817 - After Hutu revolution, waves of Tutsi refugees were forced into exile to surrounding areas
- Unwelcoming policies of countries + current President Habyarimana's refusal of allowing Tutsi refugees to return = the exiled Tutsi community into becoming more militant and creation of RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front)
- 1990: RPF invaded Rwanda in hopes of creating a power-sharing agreement, resulting in a civil war breakout
- led to anti-Tutsi propaganda portraying Tutsi people as dangerous traitors
- August 4, 1993: Habyarimana and the RPF signed the Arusha Accords
- Arusha Accords: promised end of civil war, safe return for refugees, creation of transitional government under UN supervision
- December 1993: Hutu felt it was treasonous and started planning the massacre of Tutsi
- President Habyarimana's informal council (akazu) consisting of his wife and brothers-in-law was behind genocide
- akazu started preparing through: instructions to mayors to distribute weapons to Hutu citizens, building up militias, and launching a propaganda campaign depicting Tutsi as threatening
- in 1994, when a plane carrying President Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira (both Hutu) was shot down --> genocide of Tutsi people started
- akazu also started mobilizing the Burundian Hutu refugees after the assassination of their president]]> 2022-12-08 05:19:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ziqjia874/qun54wkqmopkb2ka/wish/2413884817