· Growing industrialization caused increasing working-class poverty. Townspeople made slums. 

· Young girls got married when they were in ages from 16 to 23. Women had to avoid the society. Men had to earn money.

· People fought against the English Church, especially in terms of education and access to universities. The punishments of Roman Catholics were mostly removed.

 World War I. began on 28.7. 1914 and ended on 11.11. 1918. To the 1939 was known as great war. The reason for the war was the assassination of the Austrian archduke in Sarajevo. Austria-Hungary wanted revenge and declared war on the Serbs. And then other European countries joined their coalition partners. 

There were two coalitions in the war. In one coalition were France, Great Britain and Russia it was Triple Entente and in the other Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy it was known as Triple Alliance. Other states such as the USA, Greece, Portugal and Italy added to the Triple Entent and Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria added to Triple Alliance. The biggest and most important battles took place in France in the trenches. After many lost battles Germany signed a peace treaty. 

After this war the map of Europe had many changes and many new states were created.

The Battle of Britain took place between 10 July and 31 October 1940. The period of large-scale night attacks against major cities is known as the Blitz.

Hitler´s plan to take control of Britain was called Operation Sealion. To conquer Britain, the Germans first had to gain control of the English Channel and the airspace in southern England.

The British had several advantages that helped them win:

·      radar stations - this system, called ‘Chain Home’, was the first early warning radar network ever built

·      the construction of the German aircraft was not very suitable for such a fight

·      the fault of Hitler and his assistant Göring, who instead of attacking the airports began to attack cities

Czechoslovak pilots:

·         Pilots who participated in the Battle of Britain were also from other countries including Poland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France, the United States and South Africa.

·         The top Czechoslovak ace was Josef František, who claimed 17 confirmed kills, making him the highest scoring non-British pilot in the Battle of Britain

·         Alois Vašátko, František peřina, Karel Mrázek, Otto Smik, Josef Stehlík etc.

·         They were equipped with planes called hurricanes

By the end of October 1940, Hitler called off his planned invasion of Britain and the Battle of Britain ended. Both sides suffered enormous loss of life and aircraft.

Significance of the Battle of Britain:

·         This battle was a turning point in World War II 

·         It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces and was also the largest and most sustained aerial bombing campaign to that date. 

·         The Battle of Britain marked the first defeat of Hitler’s military forces.

·       Major events:

o   Iron curtain-The Iron Curtain is a designation for the impenetrable border between the western and eastern blocks. It already existed at the end of World War II.

o   Korean War, Vietnam War-The Korean War is a war between South Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The Vietnam War is a war that took place in Vietnam and on the borders of neighboring countries. It is also called the Second War in Indochina. 

o   Berlin airlift - In June 1948 the U.S. and Britain announced a proposal for establishing a new currency, the Deutschmark, into West Berlin. This immediately caused economic chaos in the Soviet Union as people frantically struggled to adjust to the new system of currency. 

o   The U – 2 incident - The U-2 Incident was one instance where the Soviets shot directly at a U.S. soldier.   On May 1, 1960, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane and called the flight an aggressive act.  The U.S. denied Soviet claims that the pilot, F. Gary Powers, had stated that his mission was to collect Soviet intelligence data.

o   Soviet afghan war - The Soviet war in Afghanistan lasted nine years from December 1979 to February 1989.  It was fought between Soviet-led Afghan forces against multi-national rebel groups called the mujahideens.

o   Sputnik crisis - The Sputnik crisis was the American reaction to the success of the Sputnik program.  It was a key Cold War event that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite.

o   The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons -  is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.  Countries started signing it in 1968 and it came into effect in 1970.

o   Berlin wall falls - In the late 1980s Russian leader Gorbachev decided to abandon Russia’s satellite states to try and save his crumbling nation, allowing democracy to filter through, as it did in Poland.  There were anti-government protests in East Germany and, after some initially stern words by East German leader Honecker which threatened violence, Russia refused to back him and he resigned.

One of the biggest changes of the 1960s was music. Drugs were also synonymous connected with the Sixties and became more commonly used in the late sixties. Relationship between government and public were changed in trust to politicians. 

Fashion in the decade showed many social changes of the Sixties. The mini skirt was designed to be free for women, allowing them to “run and jump”. In the late Sixties began to appear vibrant colours on clothes as the hippie movement. Feminism began to become more popular ideology to young women. 

Technological progress was very changed. Colour television and pocket transistor radios allowed people to spend their free time listening to music and watching TV.