The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways, termed allotropes of carbon. The best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.^[17] The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent.

Iron objects have been found in Egypt dating from around 3500 BC. They contain about 7.5% nickel, which indicates that they were of meteoric origin. In its pure state is strange, but it can be obtained from its natural sources and used in metallurgy to achieve alloys. It is a metallic element, resistant, ductile and magnetic, very prone to the oxidation, that usually occurs in the nature in the form of oxides and mineral.

Rut Santos Martínez

Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica, the primary constituent of sand. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO₂), sodium oxide (Na₂O) from sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives.

Rut Santos Martínez

TATIANA TRIPERO TOMÁS

Acetylsalicylic acid (C9H8O4), popularly known as aspirin, is used as a medicine to treat pain, fever and inflammation.
 Acetylsalicylic acid is the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory par excellence and works similarly to others, although it blocks the normal functioning of platelets.

TATIANA TRIPERO TOMÁS

least expensive and most useful drugs.

--Aspirin is a chemical compound called acetylsalicylic acid. It is made with salicylic acid

    WHERE IS ASPIRIN FIND?
--You might think that whoever invented aspirin is a genius, but the truth is humans have been using its natural equivalent for thousands of years. Aspirin was found in the bark of willow trees.
                       
                   USES
--Today, aspirin is universally recognized as heart-attack prevention in men who have had prior heart attacks, and it has also shown to have benefits against stroke in women.

--More than one-third of all adults, and four out of five people with heart disease, use aspirin regularly

 --Basically is a medication used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation

             OTHER FACTS

--Studies have found that Aspirin could benefit 11 different cancers.

--Aspirin is good for your brain.
About 472 drugs are known to interact with aspirin.

--Children should not be given aspirin.

PABLO ORTEGA PATERNA

Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate type which is found naturally in certain number of plants and animals.

It acts directly on the central nervous system to decrease the feeling of pain. 

It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain. 

Morphine is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction (heart attack) and during labour.

Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure. 

Morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse. If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur. 

Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation. Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding, as morphine will affect the baby.

An opium-based elixir has been ascribed to alchemists of Byzantine times, but the specific formula was lost during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. 

In the late eighteenth century, when the East India Company gained a direct interest in the opium trade through India, another opiate recipe called laudanum became very popular among physicians and their patients.

Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 in Germany, by Friedrich Sertâmrner. 

In 1817 Sertürrner reported experiments in which he administered morphine to himself, three young boys, three dogs, and a mouse; all four people almost died.

Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus as it tends to cause sleep.

The drug was first marketed to the general public by Sertürrner and Company in 1817 as a pain medication, and also as a treatment for opium and alcohol addiction. 

The structural formula of morphine was determined by 1925 by Robert Robinson.

Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures.
Its formula is C₁₇H₁₉NO₃    

Cyanoacrylates are a family of strong fast-acting adhesives with industrial, medical, and household uses. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life if not used, about one year from manufacture if unopened, and one month once opened. They have some minor toxicity.

Cyanoacrylate adhesives are sometimes known generically as instant glues, power glues or superglues (although "Super Glue" is a trade name).

The original patent for cyanoacrylate was filed in 1942 by Goodrich Company as an outgrowth of a search for materials suitable for clear plastic gun sights for the war effort. In 1942, a team of scientists headed by Harry Coover Jr. stumbled upon a formulation that stuck to everything with which it came in contact. 

The team quickly rejected the substance for the wartime application, but in 1951, while working as researchers for Eastman Kodak, Coover and a colleague, Fred Joyner, rediscovered cyanoacrylates. The two realized the true commercial potential, and a form of the adhesive was first sold in 1958 under the title "Eastman #910".

Forensic use
Cyanoacrylate is used as a forensic tool to capture latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces like glass, plastic, etc. 

Cyanoacrylate is warmed to produce fumes that react with the invisible fingerprint residues and atmospheric moisture to form a white polymer (polycyanoacrylate) on the fingerprint ridges. 

The ridges can then be recorded. 

The developed fingerprints are, on most surfaces (except on white plastic or similar), visible to the naked eye. Invisible or poorly visible prints can be further enhanced by applying a luminescent or non-luminescent stain.

Cyanoacrylates include methyl 2-cyanoacrylate, ethyl-2-cyanoacrylate, n-butyl cyanoacrylate and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate.

The first licensed drug produced using recombinant DNA technology was human insulin, which was developed by Genentech and licensed as well as marketed by Eli Lilly in 1982.

The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate and it has been speculated that the number of diabetic patients worldwide would increase to approximately 300 million by the year 2025. Consequently, the requirement for insulin will increase manifold (approximately more than 16000 kg/ year) and the productivity of current insulin expression system would not be sufficient to meet the future market demands. 

There is an upmost need to increase the production by several fold of a biologically active insulin and its analogues from E. coli and yeast using latest novel and efficient technologies.

Another strategy, using a different expression host. Plant-based expression system hold tremendous potential for high-capacity production of insulin in very cost-effective manner. Very high level of expression of biologically active proinsulin in seeds or leaves with long-term stability, offers a low-cost technology for both injectable as well as oral delivery of proinsulin. Moreover, transgenic seeds can also act as warehouse where recombinant insulin can be stockpiled until required.

Current applications

Energy:
Graphene could dramatically increase the lifespan of a traditional lithium ion battery, meaning devices can be charged more quickly - and hold more power for longer. Batteries could be so flexible and light that they can be stitched into clothing.

Filtration Membranes:
Graphene oxide membranes are capable of forming a perfect barrier when dealing with liquids and gasses. They can effectively separate organic solvent from water and remove water from a gas mixture to an exceptional level. They have even been proved to stop helium, the hardest gas to block.

Biomedical:
Graphene based materials including pristine graphene sheets, few-layer graphene flakes, and graphene oxide offer a variety of unique, versatile and tunable properties that can be creatively utilised for biomedical applications.

The lateral dimensions of these two dimensional (2D) materials can be adjusted between nanometres and millimetres, and their thickness can be tuned from single to hundreds of monolayers and their flexural rigidity can also be modulated. The flat surface can be easily functionalized enabling modification of the surface property (from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity) and this is unprecedented among other nanomaterials, offering enormous design capabilities as a platform for drug delivery and ultrasensitive biosensors.

 Sensors:
Graphene is an ideal material for sensors. Every atom in graphene is exposed to its environment allowing it to sense changes in its surroundings. For chemical sensors the goal is to be able to detect just one molecule of a potentially dangerous substance. Graphene now allows for the creation of micrometre-size sensors capable of detecting individual events on a molecular level.

Graphene oxide can be used to create 'smart' food packaging products. This could dramatically cut down on unnecessary food wastage and simultaneously help prevent illnesses. Packaging which has been coated with graphene has the ability to detect atmospheric changes caused by decaying food.

Electronics:

Graphene can be used as a coating to improve current touch screens for phones and tablets. It can also be used to make the circuitry for our computers making them incredibly fast. These are just two examples of how graphene can enhance today's devices. Graphene can also spark the next-generation of electronics.

Graphene could see a smart phone which you could wear on your wrist or a tablet you could roll up like a newspaper. Flexible, wearable electronics take advantage of graphene's mechanical properties as well as its conductivity. Indium-tin oxide is currently used for touch screens as it conducts well but it is brittle.

Researchers at The University of Manchester have already created the world's smallest transistor using graphene. The smaller the size of the transistor, the better they perform within circuits. The fundamental challenge facing the electronics industry in the next 20 years is the further miniaturisation of technology.

Artistic impression of a corrugated graphene sheet

Pedro Ruiz Mengual 

The term "plastic" in its more general meaning applies to substances of similar structures which lack a fixed point of evaporation and have, over a range of temperatures, elasticity and flexibility properties that allow them to be molded and adapted to different shapes and applications.

Plastics are synthetic chemicals, called polymers, of macromolecular structure that can be molded by heat or pressure and whose main component is carbon. These polymers are large clusters of monomers linked by a chemical process called polymerization.
Pedro Ruiz Mengual

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds.

The plant is a shurb native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds.

In addition to clothing and household items, cotton is used in industrial products such as filters for air conditioners, life rafts, conveyors, tents, car tires, swimming pools, safety helmets or mine fan

Cellulose is formed by the binding of β-D-glucose molecules by β-1,4-O-glucosidic bonds. When fully hydrolyzed glucose is obtained. Cellulose is a long polymer chain of variable molecular weight, with empirical formula (C6H10O5) n, with a minimum value of n = 200.

Gasoline  or petrol , is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distilation of petroleum.

The gasoline is mostly use in fuel for the cars, planes...

The gasoline formula is C8H18 derived from petroleum

Hugo Hellín Marina