Inventions

• Tesla Coil:- transfer power over a short distance without connecting wire.

  
  

  How did he do so?🤔

  - He used a transformer, capacitor, primary & secondary coils to generate a spark gap to produce high voltage, high-frequency AC output which enhances the efficiency of the energy transfer & produces the iconic visual & auditory effects_.

  
  

• Induction motor:- mechanical energy 🔁 electrical energy

  
  

  🕵 . He envisioned a motor with a rotating magnetic field generated by alternating currents in stationary coils, by sending a current in the rotor through electromagnetic induction which produces interaction between the rotating magnetic field of the stator and that induced magnetic field in the rotor causes the rotor to turn, resulting in the mechanical output of the motor.

  
  

  Links to reading:

  https://www.eia.gov/kids/history-of-energy/famous-people/tesla.php

  https://sites.suffolk.edu/xenia/2016/02/17/nikola-tesla-and-his-work-in-wireless-energy-and-power-transfer/

  
  

  AAYUSH

  
  

Inventions - Electric generator, Electric transformer, Electrolysis

Laws - "Law of induction", "Faraday Effect"

How did Faraday use the scientific method to discover electricity?

Observation: Faraday found an interaction between a magnetic field and an electric current by observing iron fillings on a magnet, moving from one end to another also known as electromagnetic induction.

Hypothesis: He hypothesized that a changing magnetic field is necessary to induce an electric current.

Experiment: He tested his hypothesis by wrapping a paper cylinder with a wire. The cylinder is connected to a galvanometer (instrument to measure electric current). Then, a magnet is moved in the cylinder back and forth.

Analysis: After the experiment, Faraday noticed that the needle in the galvanometer changes when the magnet is moved but returns to zero when the magnet is not moving. The outcome of the experiment confirmed his hypothesis that a changing magnetic field is needed to induce a current.

Documentation: Faraday published a series of papers named "Experimental Research in Electricity" to educate others regarding electromagnetism.

How did Faraday's Law affect us?

• Drive a car

• Cook food

• Power our house

• Use transformers

Links to reading:

Faraday (1791) - Energy Kids: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

Molecular Expressions: Electricity and Magnetism - Interactive Java Tutorials: Faraday's Magnetic Field Induction Experiment (fsu.edu)

Michael Faraday | Faraday (cam.ac.uk)

Yun Hay Mann Oo

"Clean Air Machine" or "APC-100"- an air purification device to reduce the gas and ash emission of furnace and powerplant smokestack emissions.

How did Stokes use the scientific method to invent an air purification device?

• Stokes observed pollution's health impacts while working at the Chicago Veteran Administration Hospital, particularly in Tuberculosis, Promoting his interest in a solution.

• He delved into existing air pollution control technologies and combustion principles such as electrostatic precipitators, bag houses, and wet scrubbers to understand the problem and potential remedies.

• Stokes hypothesized that a device utilizing "the three Ts" (Temperature, Time, and Turbulence) could reduce air pollution emissions, understanding their influence on combustion and pollutant removal.

• Stokes tested his hypothesis by designing experiments, involving prototypes of his device, measuring parameters like pollutant concentration, temperature, and, airflow.

• Analyzing data collected from experiments, Stokes Assessed the effectiveness of his invention on its design to improve efficiency.

• Documenting his invention and filing patent applications (U.S., U.K., Germany, Japan), Strokes aimed to protect his intellectual property and secure recognition for his innovative solution.

  
  

  Link to reading: https://www.eia.gov/kids/history-of-energy/famous-people/stokes.php

  
  

  Shakchhi Gurung

  
  

- Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring" (1962)

Major Scientific Contribution

"Silent Spring" (1962)

• helped reveal the interconnected nature of life

• demonstrated chemical pesticide hazards to living species and the environment

• led to federal ban on dichlorodiphenyltricloroethane (DDT), an insecticide highly toxic to humans and fish

Application of the Scientific Method

Rachel Carson used the Scientific Method by:

defining the problem of how the use of common pesticides like DDT to grow food may lead to poor environmental health outcomes

gathering background data through her undergraduate and graduate education as well as her professional career;

making observations by focusing on the data-driven health impacts pesticides contribute to in humans, aquatic life, and the environment (e.g., air, water, soil);

analyzing data by reviewing natural resources data and thinking critically about how the chemicals affected life and the environment; and

sharing results by publishing her 1962 book, "Silent Spring," which led to the environmental movement and the creation of Earth Day and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

How has her work affected society?

• aided in the development of ecology

• helped inspire the environmental movement

  • Earth Day

  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Links to Reading:

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/rachel-carson

https://www.nps.gov/people/rachel-carson.htm

https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshallfame/html/carson.html

Morgann Thomas