-transverse abdominis

-rectus abdominis

-external oblique

-internal oblique

(abdominal muscle, ant. part)

sign

-check separation through palpation at rectus abdominis ms. (>2cm)

-pt do a sit up, PT check for gap using finger (linea alba have gap?)

complications/effect

-back pain

-pelvic floor dysfunction (urinary incontinences, prolapse)

-abnormal posture (slouching) d/t weak abdominal ms.

-pain around abdominal area

-abdominal and core ms weakness

-hernia

-abdominal bulge

-Striae distensae (stretch marks)

PT mx

>pain mx

-hot pack

-girdle/braces for support

-IRR

>strengthening exs

-bridging exs (focus on glute ms., hamstring, pelvic floor, transverse abdominis) 10reps

-curl up exs (pt in sup., kn. bent, bring body upward)

- isometric abdominal contraction

-head lifts + oblique curl + curl up

-sahrmann exercise (until level 4 only)

• Rectus abdominis

• Transversus abdominis

• Internal obliques

• External obliques

• Pelvic floor muscles

• Erector spinae

• Iliopsoas (hip flexors)

• Gluteal muscles (indirectly, due to posture/gait changes)

  
  

Possible complication:

• Severe or increasing pain at the incision site

• Redness, swelling, or pus from the incision

• High fever (>38°C / 100.4°F)

• Heavy vaginal bleeding (soaking >1 pad/hour)

• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge

• Leg swelling or pain (possible blood clot)

• Shortness of breath or chest pain

Physiotherapy management

• Pain management (e.g., TENS, cold packs)

• Scar care and massage

• Breathing exercises

• Circulatory exercises (e.g., ankle pumps)

• Postural education

• Core muscle activation (e.g., transversus abdominis)

• Pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegels)

• Functional training (e.g., safe lifting techniques)

• Early ambulation and mobility

• Patient education and home exercise program

🔹 Early Phase (Day 1–2 Weeks, as tolerated)

1. Deep breathing exercises

2. Ankle pumps and toe curls

3. Pelvic floor exercises (Kegels)

4. Pelvic tilts (gentle)

5. Transversus abdominis activation (core bracing)

   
   

🔹 Intermediate Phase (2–6 Weeks)

6. Bridging exercises

7. Heel slides

8. Knee rolling (trunk rotation lying on back)

9. Wall sit (light support)

10. Standing marches

    
    

🔹 Advanced Phase (6+ Weeks, with clearance)

11. Modified planks (knees down)

12. Bird-dog

13. Glute bridges with resistance

14. Bodyweight squats

15. Walking or light aerobic exercise

• A varicose vein is a swollen, twisted vein that you can see just under the skin, usually in the legs, caused by weak or damaged vein valves.

• Women are statistically more likely to develop varicose veins than men, often due to hormonal changes related to menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone can weaken vein walls and disrupt normal blood flow

2. Complications:

• Ulcers – painful skin sores, especially near the ankles.

• Blood clots – may cause swelling and pain (superficial thrombophlebitis or deep vein thrombosis).

• Bleeding – veins close to the skin may burst and bleed.

• Skin changes – discoloration, thickening, or hardening of the skin.

• Chronic venous insufficiency – poor blood flow leads to long-term leg problems.

3. Symptoms of varicose veins:

• Aching or heavy legs

• Swollen ankles or feet

• Itching around the veins

• Muscle cramping at night

• Bulging, bluish veins are visible under the skin

4. Physiotherapy management of varicose veins:

• Exercise therapy: Improves blood circulation. Examples: walking, cycling, ankle pumps.

• Leg elevation: Raising the legs above heart level to reduce swelling.

• Compression therapy: Using compression stockings to support vein function and reduce pooling.

• Manual therapy: Gentle massage for lymphatic drainage and swelling reduction.

• Patient education: Teaching proper posture, avoiding prolonged standing/sitting, and maintaining a healthy weight.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of hyperglycemia that develops during pregnancy and poses risks to both mother and fetus.

Complications

• For mother: Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life, preeclampsia, and the need for cesarean delivery.

• For baby: Higher likelihood of macrosomia (large body size), neonatal hypoglycemia, and future risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes .

Symptoms

Common symptoms of GDM include:

• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Fatigue

• Nausea

• Blurred vision

Physiotherapy Management

Physiotherapy management for GDM focuses on:

• Exercise: aerobic and resistance exercise

• Education: Providing information on lifestyle modifications, including diet.

• Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjusting the exercise regimen accordingly