Hunter Wild by Hunter Wild

Cell Cycle

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The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication

Chromatin

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the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Chromosome

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a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Cytokenisis

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the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Interphase

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the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.

Mitosis

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a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Anaphase

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the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

Centromere

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the point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.

Metaphase

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the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Prophase

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the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers.

Sister Chromatids

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Two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a chromosome that duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Telophase

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the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

Apoptosis

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the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.

Cancer

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the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.

Carcinogen

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a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

Cyclin

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Starts the cell cycle within the cell.

Cyclin Dependent Kinases

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By definition, a cyclin-dependent kinase binds a regulatory protein called a cyclin. They are a family of kinases. Once they are activated by cyclin, they regulate the cell cycle by adding phosphate groups to a variety of protein substrates.

Stem Cell

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Unspecialized cells. Can be turned into any type of cell.

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Cross Over

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Homologous chromosomes

Diploid

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Cell containing 2 sets of chromosomes.

Gamete

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A mature haploid cell that is ready to link with an opposite sex cell.

Gene

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A characteristic that is passes from parents to children.

Haploid

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A single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Homologous Chromosome

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Identical chromosomes.

Allele

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An allele is a type of gene that decides certain characteristics.

Genotype

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Genetic makeup of an organism

Heterozygous

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Not identical alleles. One will be covered up while the other will be visible.

Homozygous

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Identical alleles that are shown.

Law of Independent Assortment

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This law states that the alleles will be randomly assorted at fertilization.

Law of Segreagtion

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This law states that the alleles will segregate so that alleles from both parents are shown.

Phenotype

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Observable characteristics in an organism.

Genetic Recombination

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It's the process of making new combinations of alleles.

Polypoidy

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Organisms containing extra chromosomes.

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These are the diagrams if they don't work then click the source button in the bottom right corner and it will take you to the website link.

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Telomere

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Protective cap at the end of each chromosome.

Carrier

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Someone who carries a trait or disease but doesn't express it what soever.

Pedigree

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A pedigree is basically a family tree that tells what diseases run in your family and certain things you should watch out for.

Autosome

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An autosome is any chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome.

Epistasis

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This is when one dominant allele covers up a recessive allele.

Incomplete Dominance

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An example of this is when you breed different colored snapdragons and you get different colors.

Multiple Alleles

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This is when there is an extra allele. An example of how this works is people is: down syndrome.

Polygenic Trait

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This is a trait that is controlled by a nonallelic group.

Sex Linked Trait

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This is a trait that has a higher chance of showing up in mails rather than females.

Sex Chromosome

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A sex chromosome would be either from a sperm of egg cell and determines how the child will look.

Karotype

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The number and visual appearance of in the cell nuclei.

Non-disjunction

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The failure of one or more homologous chromosomes.

DIAGRAMS BELOW!!!

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CHAPTER 11

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Nondisjunction

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Incomplete Dominance

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Pedigree for Huntington's Disease

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Ch 12

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END CH.

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DNA Polymerase

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It is a enzyme that acts as a catalyst.

Okazaki Fragment

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It's what is used to create new strands of DNA.

Semiconservative Replication

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It's the way DNA is replicated in all known cells.

Codon

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It's the first codon by which translation starts.

Exon

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Is a nucleotide that remains present in the final form of RNA.

Intron

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It's any nucleotide that is removed by the splitting of RNA.

Messenger RNA

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Transcribes a gene from a section of DNA.

Ribosomal RNA

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It's is RNA that form parts of Ribosomes.

RNA

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RNA is a nucleic acid consisting of many nucleotides that form a polymer.

RNA Polymerase

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Are subunit protein complexes. 3 types are found in eukaryotes.

Transcription

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Transcription is the process of synthesizing a sequence of mRNA

tRNA

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Is a RNA molecule that has a amino acids that is attached to the end of it.

Tranlation

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This is the process of converting DNA into RNA and the subcategories of RNA.

Gene regulation

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This determines what genes show up and how many of them show up.

Mutagen

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This is a mutated gene that will eventually cause a mutation.

Mutation

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This is a change to the normal genes and can often times cause cancer.

Operon

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It is a regulatory protein.

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CH. 12

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