-sweet shortcrust pastry tart (shop brought)

-180 grams unsalted butter

-2 tablespoon milk

-180 grams soft light brown sugar 

-4 tbsp plain flour 

-6 tablespoons milk

1.     Start by melting the butter with 30ml of milk on a low heat, pour in soft brown sugar and stir. It should then marble together into a caramel colour. 

2.     Mix the remaining 70ml of milk with 4 tablespoons of flour making sure to stir it well, so there are no lumps. Now slowly pour it into the butterscotch mixture whilst whisking it to prevent lumps.

3.     It is important read the instructions on the shortcrust tart, so it is nice and ready for the next step. If you are using a shop brought tart! If you do, make your own make sure to make it before the sauce!

4.     Now pour the warm butterscotch sauce into the tart case. Make sure to pour it straight into the middle as it will spread out evenly by itself!

5.     Cover without letting anything touch the sauce and place in the fridge for about 3 hours. 

6.     Then its ready to be served!

Photo and recipe from L., & K. (2020, April 29). Old School Butterscotch Tart. Flawless Food. Retrieved October 1, 2023, from https://flawlessfood.co.uk/old-school-butterscotch-tart/

As a nursing student I feel it is important that I strive to eliminate culturally insensitive practices that can negatively impact health outcomes. I must avoid biases, communicate effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds, and refrain from prejudice. Clear and respectful communication is also crucial, ensuring patients understand their healthcare options and feel comfortable discussing their needs and concerns with me. 

I will always respect the autonomy of individuals from migrant and refugee backgrounds in my healthcare decisions, I feel it is also extremely important that we collaborate with these patients to develop care plans that accommodate their preferences. By adhering to this competency standard, I aim to provide flexible and culturally responsive care to all individuals from different backgrounds.

(2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with people from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds (p. 30). Migrant and Refugee. https://cbrhl.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Culturally-responsive-clinica.pdf

Migrants and refugees have limited access to healthcare services due to language barriers, lack of insurance, and being very unfamiliarity with the Australian healthcare system. These factors can be very daunting for migrants and refugees resulting in longer delays or inadequate healthcare, which can very negatively impact health outcomes. Additionally, limited access to education, language barriers, and education differences from their home countries systems can affect children’s and adults’ ability to find suitable employment, further affecting their socioeconomic status and healthcare access. Cultural factors including discrimination, racism, and the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture can cause extreme stress and mental health issues, necessitating cultural competence in healthcare and social services to effectively address these challenges.

The understanding of social determinants is crucial for creating policies and programs that cater to the unique needs of migrants and refugees in Australia, including support in healthcare, education, employment, social inclusion, non-discrimination, and mental health services.

Australian Government (2022, July 7). Social Determinants. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved October 4, 2023, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/behaviours-risk-factors/social-determinants/overview

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, headaches, and severe cases like jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Malaria investigations should be conducted on anyone who has travelled from or through an endemic malaria area within 3 months of arrival if asymptomatic, or within 12 months if symptoms of fever are present. All malaria patients should be treated by a specialist ID service and discuss diagnoses urgently with an infectious disease service. Patients with falciparum malaria should be admitted to the hospital for the initial treatment, while non-falciparum or non-severe infections can be treated as outpatients. The malaria is then treated with prescription drugs to kill the parasite.

Refugees and migrants are likely to experience a range of mental health issues when immigrating to Australia often due to their experiences before and during displacement. These health issues may include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sadly many migrants and refugees have experienced traumatic events like war or violence in their home country. PTSD can lead to nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks. Depression is also very common due to forced migration, cultural adjustment, language barriers, and being separated from their family and community. Feeling hopeless and having low energy are common symptoms of depression. Some refugees and migrants will also suffer from anxiety and grief due to the loss of loved ones, homes, cultures, and communities. It is crucial that patients with mental health issues related to torture and trauma are referred to a specialised torture and trauma service. They must be able to seek support and resources to manage these mental health challenges effectively.

This is a disease caused by unprotected sexual contact, presenting symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge, rashes, pain, and itching. Causes include bacterial or viral infections, mainly from unprotected sex, oral or anal sex. Obtaining a sexual history from a refugee can foster trust and create a secure environment for them to disclose their possible sexual violence experiences. Treatment involves antiviral and antibiotic medications.


Galal, S. (2023, April 28). Number of Migrants in Africa. Statista. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1231760/number-of-international-migrants-in-africa/

 
(2022, May 2). Refugee and Migrant Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/refugee-and-migrant-health

(n.d.). Common Health Concerns- all ages. Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/