Bodily-kinesthetics : 15 

           Musical : 16 

           Visual-spatial : 17 

           Interpersonal : 15 

           Verbal linguistics : 17 

           Intrapersonal : 20 

           Logical Mathematical : 19 

           Naturalistic : 16 

I do not believe these scores are entirely accurate. I believe this because there aren't enough questions or even depth within each concept for there to be accurate readings. For example, I am a musician. Although, I did not  score nearly as high as in the intrapersonal portion. This is because the questions weren’t from a musicians perspective, they were about singing along with music. Another example can be naturalistic. I enjoy traveling and being outdoors in farms & ranches or even the beach. This score was not high enough either. Because of the questions that were included. I think some of the questions had no depth and they were worded wrong as well. 

To a certain extent people get smarter as they age. The human brain begins its intellectual journey a few weeks after conception. This process continues into early adulthood. Reading, constantly learning, and even physical exercise can expand one’s intellectual abilities. Although, from age 45 the brain's capacity for memory, reasoning, and comprehension skills can start to deteriorate. So in short the human intellectual abilities grow with age, but as stated earlier only to a certain extent. This is caused by old age.

When evaluating someone's intelligence, I consider several cues and information. These include their ability to articulate ideas clearly, their depth of knowledge on various subjects, their problem-solving skills, and their capacity to grasp concepts. Additionally, I observe their curiosity, open-mindedness, and willingness to engage in intellectual discussions. I also connect high self control to someone's intellect. 

Psychology 101

Professor Phillips

July 21, 2023

 

Mid Term 

 

   

     The Little Albert Experiment has been valuable to psychologists in the advancement of experimental studies. This experiment actively demonstrated the use of behaviorism and classical conditioning. Throughout the history of experimental studies many have considered studies with human children to be unethical. Nevertheless, this experiment used various key points that proved to be of value. This study demonstrates many of the psychological terminology that we covered in this course.

      In the Little Albert Experiment, we can see various examples of the psychological theories. Psychological theories are ideas that can be proven or disproven objectively. These ideas can ultimately describe a phenomenon of human behavior and are based on hypotheses that are endorsed by factual evidence. The two major key components of psychological theories are: it must describe a behavior along with having to provide a prediction about future behaviors. A theory is a concept or idea that is testable. By testing evidence through research and assembling evidence that supports or disapproves it. Psychology as a field of experimental study began in 1854 in Leipzig, Germany when Gustav Fechner created the first theory. This theory was based on sensory experiences and how to experiment on them. Later, in 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological laboratory. This Psychological Laboratory was devoted solely to psychological research, today there are many psychological laboratories worldwide that are utilized for the advancement of study in many different areas of psychology. What are the five theories of psychology? The five major theories of psychology are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. The five major theories are often referred as the grand theories. Behaviorism can be identified as the main psychological theory utilized in the Little Albert Experiment.

      The Little Albert experiment is a classic example of experimental research. Specifically, it falls under behaviorism and psychological conditioning. The sampling method utilized in the study is convenience or opportunity sampling. They selected this 11-month-old boy, who happened to be available at the time in the hospital where the research was being conducted. In terms of ethics, the study raised concerns by today's standards. Albert was exposed to distressing stimuli. The loud noise paired with a white rat, resulted in a negative style of conditioning that specifically targeted fear. Researchers also failed to decondition Albert to negative stimuli he was afraid of further disproving its ethical standpoint. This experiment's reliability is limited due to flaws, lack of proper controls, and limited data collection. The experiment had limited construct validity, lacking measurements and data analysis. Recreating the Little Albert experiment today would be highly unethical. It may also violate ethical guidelines for research because of having human subjects. Today, an experiment like this would not be approved by the Institutional Review Board because of the rights of human subjects in research studies. Deception was indeed present in the Little Albert experiment. Deception occurred when researchers concealed the true purpose of the study from Albert's parents. They did not provide them with the information necessary to receive informed consent. Selection bias is present through the convenience sampling method that was utilized. Because little albert was selected based on availability rather than at random. This limited the findings to Albert only as opposed to our broad population.

      The primary biopsychology system affected by fear was the amygdala. The amygdala is involved in the processing and regulation of emotions. Fear is included in these emotions. The experiment involved conditioning a fear response in Albert. Albert developed a fear response to the white rat. This fear response was manifested as crying, yelling, and overall avoidance of the rat. Albert behaved this way to the rat because of the negative stimuli associated with the rat being presented to him

      In this experiment there was a major change in the biological rhythms for the child. His natural clock when he was conditioned in viewing the other test subjects, he was only showing fear when the rat was present. However, Alberts rhythm was slightly distinctive in the other test subjects such as the monkey, rabbit, and a guy with the makeshift mask was different due to the events that occurred when he was being conditioned. Furthermore, there was little to no or direct link to the sleep rhythms of sleep deprivation, however we can link trauma and hyperarousal alertness to be a response from the symptoms of so-called insomnia. This statement suggests that there had to have been to a certain extent sleep deprivation when hearing the repetitive loud noises to follow the child in his sleep and interrupt it. This behavior could have also influenced the other participants' sleeping rhythms by also being part of the experiment.

 
      The conditioning in the experiment was done so by spiking receptors directly linked to the body senses. Sight, sound, smell, and touch were in fact the most disrupted of the five body senses through negative stimuli. Perception can also be closely related to this negative stimulus. Generally, in adolescents these forms of perceiving negative stimuli are often translated into very high rates of uncontrollable negative reactions i.e.: crying, yelling, and fussing. These negative stimuli affected Alberts actions substantially. This calm nine-month-old baby became full of fear and trauma when paired with this negative conditioning. Being that this child was in infant perception, barely gaining awareness of external stimuli he was more at risk of being negatively affected since his perception is fragile.

      This Experiment presents an example of how classical conditioning can be used to condition an emotional response. Neutral stimulus was the white rat at the beginning of the experiment causing no harm to albert. Unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise that brought out a negative response.  Unconditioned response was Albert's fear that was emitted after the loud noise was utilized. Conditioned stimulus was the continued use of the white rat after the unconditioned stimuli was performed. Conditioned response was ultimately the fear left in Albert after all the conditioned stimuli. Although, both types of conditioning involve learning and behavior shaping. Operant conditioning highlights the action of reinforcement and punishment in forming voluntary behavior.

 

      Constructivism is the proposition that we organize and interpret experiences. We apply cognitive structures called cognitive schemata. Prototypes, personal construct, stereotypes, and scripts are the four types of schemata. One of the major cognitive schemas that were used was personal construct. This scheme can be translated into this experiment by Alberts behavior and judgment between stimulus and objects. There was a correlation of this as Albert became aware of the patterns within the experiment. Albert also demonstrated positive use of cognitive schemas by actively categorizing objects, and concepts by processing information. Objective schemes can be recognized and demonstrated by Albert differentiating and learning the difference between test subjects and surroundings.

 

      This study has been helpful in being able to identify and correlate psychological terminology and theories into real world experiments. The study proved through classical conditioning that human children can in fact be conditioned for a desired outcome. In other words, sense and perception are the windows and lenses for the world around us. Albert perceived the negative conditioning and associated the test subject with his fear. Albert also showed the ability to process cognitive schemas.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Works Cited

 

https://study.com/academy/lesson/psychological-theories-concept-examples.html

https://www.simplypsychology.org/classical-conditioning.html

https://www.verywellmind.com/the-little-albert-experiment-2794994

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/what-is-classical-conditioning

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8bbVFeTIIg8

 

Psychological arousal causes a person to want sex and physical arousal causes physical changes that make it easier for a person to have sex. Figure 10.15 on page 335 of our textbook states “The medial preoptic area, an area of the hypothalamus, is involved in the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but it does not affect sexual motivation. In contrast, the amygdala and nucleus accumbens are involved in motivation for sexual behavior, but they do not affect the ability to engage in it.” This clearly shows the limit or ceiling of psychological and physiological standings of the human body in regards to sexual arousal. They both contribute but differ from each other substantially. 

The textbook does account for individual differences in sexual response, such as variations in libido or sexual orientation. In chapter 10.3 the textbook takes account of a variation of libito and sexual orientation, and covers them in their entirety. On page 336 the textbook states “Kinsey also developed a continuum known as the Kinsey scale that is still commonly used today to categorize an individual’s sexual orientation, which is an individual’s emotional, romantic, and erotic attractions to other people or no people (Jenkins, 2010). This is an example of the textbook taking account of sexual orientation. A variation of libido can be located on page 336 the textbook states “The refractory period is a period of time that follows an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.” 

Researchers have argued that Masters and Johnson eliminating same-sex attracted participants when studying the human sexual response cycle limits the generalizability of their results. This can be addressed by changing this limitation in future research. 

The Big Five Personality Test 

The Big Five Personality Test is esteemed as a valid measure of personality traits. Its validity depends on extensive research and has been consistently replicated across different populations and cultural contexts.

The Big Five Personality Test is esteemed as having good reliability. Utilizing its five dimensions, test-retest reliability studies have shown that individuals tend to receive similar scores when taking the test on multiple occasions, suggesting stability over time.

I didn’t find my results interesting because I know what personality traits I have. What I did find interesting was the ability to see my percentile scores. And reading the websites use of these percentile scores 

Scoring high on conscientiousness is a strength in my result’s because it shows discipline and organization. 

Scoring low on extraversion shows a weakness in my results because it doesn’t establish sociability 

I discussed my results with my cousin and decided it accurately describes me. We both agree on our findings. 

get to work  - ✓

go to juice bar or michoacana - ✓

go to barnes and nobles to purchase a book - ✗

do laundry - ✓

start mondays homework - ✓

Monday july 31 : 

get to work - ✓

go to a juice bar or michoacana - ✓

go shopping - ✓

wash car - ✓

start tuesdays homework - ✓

Tuesday august 1 : 

get to work - ✓

visit relatives - ✓

exercise - ✓

start wednesdays homework - ✓

Wednesday august 2 :

haircut - ✓

shopping - ✓

laundry - ✓

visit relatives/play music - ✓

start thursdays homework - ✓

Thursday august 3 : 

get to work - ✓

exercise - ✓

read - ✓

start fridays homework - ✓

Friday august 4 :

read - ✓

shopping - ✓

visit relatives/play music - ✓

exercise - ✓

start saturday homework - ✓

Saturday august 5 : 

read - ✓

visit relatives- ✓

exercise - ✓

Creating this “To-Do” list for the week helped me organize tasks, set goals, and stay focused, ultimately enhancing productivity and reducing stress. I believe I executed my “To-Do” list to the best of my abilities. Having to work full time accounted for a lack in my productivity. This "To Do" list allowed me to clearly see my responsibilities and deadlines. By organizing tasks I was able to devote my time and effectively. Additionally, this “To Do" list served as a visual reminder, helping me stay on track, maintain focus, and prevent tasks from slipping away from me. Overall, it provided me with structure. 

summary with reference 

Firstly, it is important to pinpoint the sources of stress. By acknowledging the triggers, whether they are work-related, personal, or environmental, one can better understand their distinct stressors. This recognition enables individuals to come up with strategies tailored to their unique circumstances. Ginsburg, K. (Mar 17, 2022) has argued the point that “Each of us handles stress differently. It’s important to individualize our approach. One way of doing so is to create a personalized stress management plan so we are as prepared as possible to handle life’s challenges.” Next, prioritize self-care. Getting involved in regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting enough sleep are all intrinsic components of managing stress. In addition, integrating relaxation techniques into daily routines is beneficial. Deep breathing exercises, meditation, and mindfulness practices can all contribute to stress reduction. I use these techniques in my daily life. Moreover, time management plays a crucial role in stress reduction. Prioritizing tasks, setting realistic goals, and utilizing tools like calendars or "To Do" lists can help anyone manage their time wisely and reduce stress or an overwhelming feeling. Lastly, pursuing creative hobbies, spending time with loved ones, avoiding stressful and negative situations, and engaging in activities that promote laughter can all contribute to stress relief.

Mad Hatter

The Grinch

Mad Hatter 

Based on the behaviors described in the document. My main clinical diagnosis for the Mad Hatter is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty in sustaining attention. Other characterizations include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and having difficulty with social interactions. I feel my diagnosis is exceptionally accurate because the document states Mad Hatters behavior. These behaviors stated are actually proven symptoms that are listed in our lecture of ADHD so I feel confident in my diagnosis. 

“Mad Hatters; not being able to sit in one spot, interrupting others, speaking rather fast, constantly moving and appears to break teacups.” 

ADHD is my main clinical diagnosis for the Mad Hatter. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder therefore it is not included as a personality disorder.

I do think comorbidity In the Mad Hatter. It may be possible that he suffers from Borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder is included in Cluster B . I believe the Mad Hatter displays impulsivity and reckless behavior, which are symptoms of BPD. “Constantly moving and appears to break teacups” are examples of possible symptoms; this is why I believe this to be true. 

The Grinch 

Based on the behaviors described in the document. My main clinical diagnosis for the Grinch is Antisocial Personality Disorder. I believe my diagnosis is exceptionally accurate because the document clearly states the Grinch's behavior. The behaviors are actually listed in our lecture notes as proven symptoms of APD so I feel confident in my diagnosis. These symptoms include lack of remorse. and repeatedly performing illegal acts. 

“normally spends a lot of his time being alone in his cave. The patient appears to be suffering from antisocial personality disorder with depressed mood.”  This helped me reach my diagnosis because it suggests the same idea that I believe.  “the grinch did not show any remorse for what he did” “decided to take away all christmas trees and presents away from the people of whoville” 

Antisocial disorder is a personality disorder that is categorized in cluster B. 

I do believe there is comorbidity present between  Avoidant Personality Disorder in cluster C and Antisocial personality Disorder. This diagnosis is accurate because the Grinch exhibits a pattern of social isolation and difficulty forming relationships. The Grinch's limited social companionship with his dog Max further emphasizes his avoidance of human connections.

Adrian Monk 

Based on the behaviors described in the document. My main clinical diagnosis for Adrian is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. I believe my diagnosis to be accurate because the document clearly states Adrians behaviors. These behaviors are listed in our lecture as symptoms of OCD. They include his obsession with cleanliness and cleaning products and his need for order and cleanliness.

“Adrian is very intent on every aspect of his life being orderly, neat, and clean. He has a habit of cleaning household cleaning appliances, such as vacuums. Balance and symmetry are also important”

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a personality disorder that is categorized in cluster C. 

I do believe there is a comorbidity between OCD and Major depressive disorder in Adrian. In the document they state that the death of his wife impacted him severely. This caused him to isolate himself for three years. MDD is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, functioning.

Based on the behaviors described in the document. My main clinical diagnosis for Mandy is Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by defects in social interactions. Other characterizations include difficulty with expressive communication, and emotional regulation. I feel my diagnosis is exceptionally accurate because the document states Mandy’s behavior. These behaviors stated are actually proven symptoms  of ASD. I also feel confident in my diagnosis because the document states that Mandy displays Echolalia. Echolalia is one of the most common echo phenomena. It is seen in several neuropsychiatric illnesses, including ASD. Aggression is a common issue for both children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It may be verbal (shouting, screaming, cursing) and/or physical (hitting, kicking, biting, destroying property, self-injury). These are all included in Mandys behavior.

“Mandy goes to a school for the mentally disabled” “has a difficult time coping with certain situations and does not know how to control her emotional impulses.” “Her aggressive behaviors include biting, pushing, punching, yelling, and running away from her mother.”

I do believe there is comorbidity in Mandy between ADHD and ASD. This is because the document states “She has a difficult time coping with certain situations and does not know how to control her emotional impulses.” ADHD is displayed by Mandy's impulsivity, difficulty with impulse control, and erratic emotions. Another example is “When Mandy is in public, her emotions are erratic;” This also displays possible symptoms of ADHD. 

Bart Simpson 

Based on the symptoms described in the document, My main clinical diagnosis for Bart's is ADHD. I feel my clinical diagnosis is exceptionally accurate because many of Bart's behavior and characteristics are symptoms of ADHD. For example,being easily distracted, difficulty focusing, impulsivity, daydreaming, and interrupting others are common characteristics associated with ADHD. Bart's consistent struggles with attention and focus, and difficulty with studying and maintaining focus, are typical challenges faced by individuals with ADHD.

“Bart displays multiple symptoms that are indicators for several mental health disorders. He shows very consistent symptoms for ADHD.” “Bart being distracted by video games.” ”During the test, Bart continued to be distracted by daydreaming about things he saw on television the night before.” “Bart tries to focus while he is studying, but is still easily distracted” 

Yes, it is possible that there could be comorbidity present in Bart's case. I believe there is comorbidity in Bart between ADHD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder. ODD is characterized by a pattern of hostile, defiant, and disobedient behavior towards authority figures. Some examples include“ He has a history of consistent and sometimes significant trouble making.” “During another instance, Bart also spontaneously interrupts an important lecture.” Bart's Interrupting an important lecture, and his repeated failure to comply with studying despite promises could be indicative of ODD symptoms. 

1. Medication: Stimulant medications like methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine salts (Adderall) are commonly prescribed to manage ADHD symptoms. These medications work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain, helping to improve focus, attention, and impulse control.

2. Behavioral Therapy: Behavioral therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is often used as a complement to medication. It focuses on teaching individuals with ADHD a plan of action to manage their own symptoms and develop their own coping mechanisms. This therapy can help individuals improve organizational skills, time management, and emotional regulation.

3. Support: ADHD can affect not only the individual but also their family and friends. Educating family and the people closest to someone about ADHD and providing them with support and guidance can be beneficial. Techniques such as establishing routines, providing structure, and implementing effective discipline strategies can help create a supportive environment for the individual with ADHD.

This case study is on the Mad Hatter, a fictional character in Alice in wonderland. This document states “The Mad Hatter lost his enjoyment and became “crazy” due to the Queen of Hearts overtaking the White Queen. This happened when the Jabberwocky came and destroyed the White Queen’s area and caused massive damage to her property. After that the Mad Hatter was never the same, he was no longer happy.”.  Although this isn't the root for all his behavior this statement gives me an inclination towards support. The document does state that he also has friends, so I believe support is the best therapy for the Mad Hatter and it is just what he needs because he is no longer happy. In addition, this would also be the best form of treatment because people who utilize support and therapy are able to manage their symptoms easier than those who only take medication. 

Calmerry is an online therapy company that offers plans with unlimited messaging and live video therapy sessions. People may purchase a subscription to Calmerry. All subscribers receive access to a mood-tracking feature and an online journal. Calmerry offers counseling for a variety of personal issues. Calmerry allows it’s users who are 18+ ro connect with a licensed therapist. These subscribers may connect ti said therapist through text messaging or live video sessions. This can be down so on its website or through its app. Subscribers will be matched to a therapist in their state and have the option to choose from three subscription plans.

Calmerry begins its base pricing at $50 dollars per week for therapy via text messaging. Messaging and one video session plan costs $74.50 per week, while the messaging and four video sessions plan comes out to $90 each week. Users can message their therapist whenever or unlimitedly and have one live 30-minute therapy session each month for $298. Users can message their therapists whenever and get four live 30-minute therapy sessions each month for $360. 

The company’s therapists cover a wide variety of specialties. Calmerrys therapists specifically work with anger management, PTSD, anxiety and stress, emotional abuse, OCD, family or relationship conflicts, trauma, depression, and eating disorders. 

Calmerry does not accept insurance from its subscribers.

Calmerry offers meaningful therapy to everyone. Although they cater specifically to people with mental health issues. 

Calmeery offers affordible and fast help to people in need. In all honesty I truly admire and respect this organization for not only being there as a support system but also for making this available to people from the ease and comfortability of a phone or laptop. In my opinion I think this is a very useful tool. 

Calm.com 

Calm is the number one app for sleep, medication and relaxation. This app offers meditation, sleep, music, video lessons, audio programs. This app improves sleep quality, reduces stress or anxienty, improves focus, and self improvemnt

Calm offers six premium accounts for $99.99 a year. This is the general cost of therapy 

Calm specifically offers its users with sleep therapy and meditation therapy. Users can learn meditation through the app. Exclusive music can be played to help focus, relax and sleep. Video lessons on mindful movement and gentle stretching are included. Audio programs taught by world renowned mindfulness experts are included in this app. 

Calm does not accept insurance from its users. 

This organization caters to people who struggle from lack of sleep. They may also cater to individuals who would like to learn how to meditate from their mobile devices 

I honestly don’t see the real value from this application or how it may help somone with menatl health. If I subcribed I would have to look into the sleep catagory, and audio there may be something useful in there but I wouldn’t recommend or try this on my own. However, being that this is the number one app for sleep should speak for itself. 

The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline 

This 24 hour lifline offers emotional support and active listening for individuals experiencing crisis or contemplating suicide. Crisis intervention and suicide prevention. They also can refferal people to local mental health resources or professionals. This lifeline may also provide information on mental health conditions and available treatment options.

The 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline provides free and confidential emotional support to people in suicidal crisis or emotional distress.

In regards to therapy types, crisis hotlines primarily focus on crisis intervention, suicide prevention, and providing immediate emotional support rather than offering ongoing therapy. However, they still may provide information and referrals to appropriate therapy options.

This Lifline does not accept insurance from its callers. Because this suicide and crisis lifline is free to all users. 

Crisis hotlines generally cater to individuals who are in emotional distress, experiencing a crisis, or contemplating suicide. They provide support to people of all ages and backgrounds who are in need of fast assistance.

I belive this is a great way to offer help to people who are in urgent need. I can also appreciate and respect this states ability to offer free help. In my opinion this is a great support system for anyone dealing with stress and problems what makes it even better is it’s accessible to literally anyone who can dial this number. Nevertheless, I do believe mental health a real problem and people should seek help before reaching  this point.