English Language Learners: The Efficacy of Dual Language Programs by Angie Gomez https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5 Legal and Ethical Guide en-us 2022-02-28 15:12:12 UTC 2022-03-01 18:06:40 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f4a1.png agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069739809 As an ELL myself, current elementary teacher, and future administrator, the importance of understanding the significance that high and equal quality of instruction for English Language Learners is crucial. For this guide, I will be taking the perspective of a future administrator. Principles and teachers must ensure that public education, aligns with legal and ethical standards. The information provided in this guide is aimed to inform professionals working with ELL's of the legal and ethical standards and challenges that we face with the presence of English Language Learners in public schools due to the lack of the implementation of dual language programs in the classroom.]]> 2022-02-28 15:46:32 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069739809 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069856809 I interviewed Mr. Jose Villalobos, school principal of Pete Gallego Elementary in Eagle Pass, Tx. 

]]> 2022-02-28 16:43:26 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069856809 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069862468 English Language Learners or students who were born outside of the United States are unable to engage equitably if they are unable to comprehend the instructions and materials provided by their teachers. Dual language education teaches students literacy and content in two languages. During practically every waking moment of our lives, we are surrounded by language. The language we use helps us to convey our thoughts and feelings, to connect with people and to identify with our culture, as well as to comprehend the environment around us. In addition, according to, Suzanne Le Menestrel, “learning and using two languages enhances executive functioning, the ability to plan, control one’s attention, regulate one’s behavior, and think flexibly” (p. 47). Not only does this curriculum assist students in academic performance, but it also expands work options, simplifies travel, and facilitates the study of a third language. "The absence of a dual-language program in the classroom prevents students from acquiring the cognitive benefits, social benefits, and cultural awareness that come with being bilingual"(J. Vilalobos, personal communication, February 28, 2022).]]> 2022-02-28 16:46:15 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069862468 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069926406 Assessment and Accountability
  • Various types of data should be collected on a regular basis in dual language immersion programs in order to measure progress toward program objectives. Schools and districts should test dual language immersion students in both English and the partner language that is being utilized in the program in order to assess kids' progress in the program. These assessments should “assess students’ progress toward meeting bilingual and biliteracy goals along with the curricular and content-related goals”  (J. Villalobos, personal communication, February 28, 2022).

Curriculum
  • According to current standards, dual language curricula should contain the same academic content as normal curriculum, with the same performance standards required of both immersion program participants and those who are not participating in the immersion program. All children should be taught bilingualism and biliteracy as part of their education, according to the curriculum. Curricular goals for language competency should be incorporated into planning, and the curriculum should ensure that students acquire subject area information while also gaining fluency in the languages of teaching. Due to the fact that dual language programs strive to develop multicultural competence, the curriculum should reflect and value the cultures of the students involved.

Instruction
  • Dual language program teachers should ensure that students receive understandable input (material in a language they can understand) and also encourage communicative language output from their pupils (practice using the language). Student comprehension of the language required to grasp lesson content should be developed through instructional activities, followed by assignments in which "students actively utilize the language of instruction so that it can be fully acquired. " Sheltered instruction is an illustration of this concept. It is a typical strategy for adjusting activities to fit the needs of language learners to use sheltered instruction, which is an educational approach that lowers the linguistic demands of instruction in order to make academic content more intelligible. The following strategies may be used in sheltered instruction situations:

Staff Quality and Professional Development
  • In order for dual immersion to be a success, effective teachers are required, just as they are for any other educational effort. Given that teachers in dual language schools must possess a unique mix of abilities, including bilingual language proficiency, many states have suffered a scarcity of qualified dual language teachers as the popularity of dual language programs has grown.




]]> 2022-02-28 17:18:47 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069926406 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069926811 CROSS-CULTURAL COMPETENCE 
  • One of the fundamental purposes of dual language immersion programs, in addition to fostering bilingualism and biliteracy, is to help students build cross-cultural competence and understanding. As a result of their very nature, dual language programs place students in linguistically, racially, and ethnically varied contexts. As a result, some suggest that good cross-cultural attitudes will organically develop in these environments. While some argue that cross-cultural competence will naturally occur as a result of the existing status differences between native and non-native English speakers in dual language programs, others argue that cross-cultural competence will need to be actively developed in order for programs to be effective. Multicultural and anti-bias curricula are actively promoted in many dual language programs, both for students and for teachers.
 
ACHIEVEMENT GAPS 
  • In general, dual language programs (as opposed to other program models, such as monolingual education) are more effective than other program models (as opposed to monolingual education) at closing the academic achievement gap between native English speakers and English language learners (ELLs). However, achievement inequalities within dual language programs may continue for a lengthy period of time; some studies have found that it may take between three and seven years to close the difference between test scores of English language learners and those of native English speakers on standardized tests.

 SPECIAL EDUCATION 
  • Learning disabilities in students enrolled in dual language immersion programs can be difficult to identify, in part because it can be difficult to distinguish between learning difficulties that are caused by an actual learning disability and learning difficulties that are caused by a temporary difficulty with the second language.
]]> 2022-02-28 17:18:57 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2069926811 Current Issues agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070063179 2022-02-28 18:29:11 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070063179 Best Practices agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070064722 2022-02-28 18:30:01 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070064722 NABE agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070121438 The National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) is a non-profit membership organization that strives to fight for educational equity and academic success for bilingual and multilingual children in a global society. It is the only national professional association solely dedicated to representing bilingual/multilingual students as well as bilingual and dual language education professionals at the local, state, and national levels. NABE is devoted to educating 21st century global citizens who will contribute to economic, civic, technological, and cultural growth in their communities, and they encourage studying more than two languages and cultures.]]> 2022-02-28 18:59:22 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070121438 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070122459 2022-02-28 18:59:53 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070122459 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070146564 About NABE – NABE. (2022). NABE. https://nabe.org/about-nabe/]]> 2022-02-28 19:12:53 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070146564 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070165353 In an article written by the International Multilingual Research Journal, Gambrell et al. (2021) talks about a study in which expropriation is used to refer to the co-opting and dispossession of educational resources, opportunities, and rights from language-minority communities, as well as a movement toward the reframing and reuse of these resources for the advantage of white English-privileged people. The following were discussed:   

  • analyzed which states adopted the DLBE model (fiftyfication, exclusion of one teacher)
  • exclusion of one-way developmental bilingual education
  • stringent language separation policy) as a basic expropriation reference
  • how they executed it
  • the discourses utilized
  • who benefited



]]> 2022-02-28 19:23:58 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070165353 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070173495 2022-02-28 19:28:41 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070173495 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070175695 J. A., Gambrell, J., Kasun, G. S., Dorner, L. M., & Cervantes-Soon, C. (2021). The expropriation of dual language bilingual education: deconstructing neoliberalism, whitestreaming, and English-hegemony. International Multilingual Research Journal, 16(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2021.1929762]]> 2022-02-28 19:30:02 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070175695 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070179908 Suzanne Le Menestrel. (2020). Dual language learning and educational success for youth. Journal of Youth Development, 15(3), 45–58]]> 2022-02-28 19:32:38 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070179908 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070187754 2022-02-28 19:37:21 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070187754 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070198019 According to, Suzanne Le Menestrel, “learning and using two languages enhances executive functioning, the ability to plan, control one’s attention, regulate one’s behavior, and think flexibly” (p. 47). This articles analyzes the absence of a dual language program in the classroom which prevents students from acquiring the following:

  • cognitive benefits
  • social benefits
  • cultural awareness 
]]> 2022-02-28 19:43:34 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070198019 The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, promising "equal protection under the law (US Const. amend. XIV)". agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070214068 According to the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, states are required to apply the law equally to all citizens and are prohibited from discriminating. Reconstruction began after the Civil War and included this effort. Many constitutional amendments, including the Fourteenth Amendment, were passed to ensure that all citizens, including those who had recently been emancipated from slavery, were protected by the federal government. Despite the fact that the Fourteenth Amendment was not intended to apply directly to education, it has had a significant impact on the field nonetheless.]]> 2022-02-28 19:53:50 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070214068 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070215544 U.S. Const. amend. XIV]]> 2022-02-28 19:54:47 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070215544 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070217464 2022-02-28 19:55:57 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070217464 In Lau v. Nichols, the Supreme Court rules that schools must educate students whose first language is not English (Lau v. Nichols, 1974). agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070219944 With the landmark 1974 Supreme Court decision Lau v. Nichols, the United States Supreme Court sought to make the school transition simpler for young people who spoke English as a second language at home. Students who were born outside of the United States are unable to engage equitably if they are unable to comprehend the instructions and materials provided by their teachers. The impact the Lau v. Nichols case resulted in a unanimous judgement in support of bilingual instruction as a means of assisting non-native English speakers in improving their English language proficiency. The case facilitated students whose first language was not English's transition into education. ]]> 2022-02-28 19:57:39 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070219944 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070220531 Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974)]]> 2022-02-28 19:58:00 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070220531 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070222425 2022-02-28 19:59:17 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070222425 In Roberts v. City of Boston, the Massachusetts Supreme Court rules that the state's constitution permits raciallly segregated schools (Roberts v. City of Boston, 1849). agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070225445 The Roberts case established the principle of "separation but equality" and authenticated segregation in public schools, providing the basis and justification for the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson of the United States Supreme Court nearly 50 years later. The Roberts case was unsuccessful because authorities reasoned that special provisions had been created for "colored" students to have a school. In April 1855, a bill was presented and passed by the Massachusetts legislature and this action established that no distinction based on color, race, or religion should be made for any student applying for admission to any public school in the state. Being born Hispanic would have made my career journey in education very difficult nearly impossible if there was still segregation. ]]> 2022-02-28 20:01:10 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070225445 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070226132 Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)]]> 2022-02-28 20:01:35 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070226132 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070229899 2022-02-28 20:04:00 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070229899 The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), was passed in part in response to criticisms that the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) actually increased rather than decreased educational gaps. agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070231311 With the ESSA, the federal government strives to ensure that all children receive a high-quality education in public schools. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) gives states greater control over how schools measure and report student performance results. Students from poor backgrounds can also find success in this area. As an educator, it is my responsibility to ensure that each student receives high-quality instruction.]]> 2022-02-28 20:05:01 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070231311 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070231739 Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015)]]> 2022-02-28 20:05:17 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070231739 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070232652 2022-02-28 20:05:53 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070232652 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070257720 According to Eagle Pass Independent School Districts Student and Parent Handbook, a student who is an English learner is entitled to receive specialized services from the district (Eagle Pass Independent School District Student and Parent Handbook, 2021-2022). A Language Proficiency Assessment Committee (LPAC), consisting of both district officials and at least one parent representative, will assess whether the pupil qualifies for services. The student’s parent must consent to any services recommended by the LPAC.]]> 2022-02-28 20:23:20 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070257720 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070258418 2022-02-28 20:23:49 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070258418 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070284769 Educators’ Code of Ethics, 19 Tex. Admin. Code § 247.2.]]> 2022-02-28 20:44:55 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070284769 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070288748 According to the teacher code of ethics, "the educator shall comply with state regulations, written local school board policies, and other state and federal laws" (19 TAC § 247.2.).
As a future administrator in the educational profession, one thing that we all have in common is the academic success of students. Therefore, we should all be aware of how bilingual education  makes use of a student's inherent aptitude to learn a second language without decreasing overall student success levels. ]]> 2022-02-28 20:48:15 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070288748 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070289113 2022-02-28 20:48:33 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070289113 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070295589 The language we use helps us to convey our thoughts and feelings, to connect with people and to identify with our culture, as well as to comprehend the environment around us. This topic is interesting in particular for me because of my Hispanic culture. I myself am bilingual and believe that being fluent in two languages has heighten my awareness on the importance of maintaining my heritage and culture. It has also given me the capacity to think flexibly, communicate, and understand two cultures beyond the native tongue. In regards to legal aspects, the impact the Lau v. Nichols case resulted in a unanimous judgement in support of bilingual instruction as a means of assisting non-native English speakers in improving their English language proficiency. The case facilitated students whose first language was not English's transition into education. This case impacted my life because I myself was an English language learner and needed that assistance to achieve overall academic student success and have the opportunities that I know have. ]]> 2022-02-28 20:54:17 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070295589 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070298578 Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974)]]> 2022-02-28 20:56:41 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2070298578 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2071883500 It is critical that institutions and higher education personnel adhere to the legal and ethical guidelines that have been established. The following are my proposals for how schools can achieve compliance:

  • Positive school culture and management should be a priority for administrators on campus. Student achievement, including that of English language learners, is directly influenced by the quality and efficacy of a school.
  • preparing teachers for teaching ELL students (professional developments)
  • teacher credentials and certifications should be up to part to teach ELL students 
  • teachers of ELL students should be able to communicate effectively, hence these teachers should be proficient in both languages. Preferably teachers themselves that are bilingual (qualified teachers)
  • knowing and understanding a students culture and background
  • Standards for dual language curricula should be the same as those for the regular curriculum, with the same standards for both immersion program participants and those who are not in the immersion program.
  • budget school/district funds for dual programs 
  • allocation of resources to enhance the implementation of dual language programs (reading material, manipulatives, etc.)
]]> 2022-03-01 16:58:43 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2071883500 agomez644 https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2071997673 Suzanne Le Menestrel. (2020). Dual language learning and educational success for youth. Journal of Youth Development, 15(3), 45–58]]> 2022-03-01 17:56:17 UTC https://padlet.com/agomez644/qmvmtplvg8onz9h5/wish/2071997673