My Radiant Nutrition Study Guide by Sogol Ashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr Made with a curious mind en-us 2021-01-28 05:37:35 UTC 2025-12-25 23:44:39 UTC hello@padlet.com Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134768251 Energy production & nutrient metabolism 
  • Coenzyme role: helps metabolize carbs, BCAAs, fatty acids 
  • Nervous System Role:  
    • Helps convert Acetyl CoA -> Acetylcholine 
    • Acetylcholine is a NT -> key part of our brain, causes muscles to contract, activates pain responses, regulates endocrine & REM sleep 
    • Myelin synthesis (requires Acetyl CoA) 
    • NT release 
    • Sodium regulation / transport, chloride activation 


]]> 2021-01-28 05:41:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134768251 Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134780088
  • Plant sources (free) 
    • Nuts & seeds: sunflower seeds, pine nuts, brazil nuts
    • Legumes: soy beans, peanuts
    • Whole grains : wheat germ, buckwheat, oatmeal 
    • Fortified foods  
  • Animal sources (phosphorylated):
    • meat 
    • poultry
    • fish
    • pork especially 

    • ]]>     2021-01-28 05:48:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134780088     Bioavailability sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134788269
  • Very unstable, sensitive to heat & alkaline environment (pH> 8) 
  • Baking, pasteurizing or boiling foods fortified w/ thiamin can reduce its content up to 50%
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 05:52:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134788269     Thiamin - Vitamin B1 sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134806597 Active Form: Thiamin Diphosphate TDP]]> 2021-01-28 06:03:25 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134806597 Nutrient & Food Actions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134808413
  • Thiaminases found in some raw fish can cleave thiamin --> inactivate it & reduce bioavailability 
  • Oxidized by polyhydroxyphenols found in coffee, tea, blueberries, black currants, brussel sprouts, red cabbage 
  • Prevent this with antioxidants like Vitamin C 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:04:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134808413     Deficiency / Altered Needs sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134815655 Severe deficiency: Beriberi
    Altered needs: 
    • fever, pregnancy, location, growth in adolescence, intense physical activity, malnutrition 
    • older adults, malaria, bariatric surgery 
    • alcohol use disorder 
    • malabsorption issues  
    Excessive loss seen in kidney failure w/ hemodialysis, diuretics, alcohol use disorder 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:08:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134815655     Theraputic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134824440 Decreased thiamin levels associated w/
    •  increased risk of cataracts
    • altered glucose metabolism in the brain -> Alzheimer's 
    • rapidly dividing tumors 

    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134824440     Niacin- Vitamin B3 sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134838160 Two forms:
    Nicotinic acid: more common in foods
    Nicotimamide: more common in supplements ]]>     2021-01-28 06:19:21 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134838160     Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134843128
  • Dietary precursor of NAD (nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide) 
  • NAD+/ NADP as co-enzymes (> 400 rxns!) 
    • Oxidizing / reducing agent that enables macronutrient metabolism & energy production 
    • Beta oxidation 
    • Alcohol oxidation 
    • Regenerate Vit C & Glutathione 

    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:21:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134843128     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134853322 Plant:  
    • Nuts & seeds: sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pine nuts, almonds 
    • Whole grains: rice brain, wheat bran, wild rice
    • Legumes: peanuts, split peas
    Animal:
    • Fish, liver, meat, poultry, eggs 

    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:25:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134853322     Nutrient & Food Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134859426
  • Can be synthesized from tryptophan (60 mg tryp = 1 mg niacin)
  • Removed from refined grains 
  • In corn, not released by digestion unless treated w/ lime water/ alkaline / acidic solution 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:28:37 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134859426     Deficiency/ Altered Needs sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134867404 Deficiency: Pellagra (rare)
    Altered needs: 
    • pregnancy, lactation, corn based diet (without proper prep), 
    • bariatric surgery, chemo, malabsorption (chronic diarrhea, IBD, etc), alcohol use disorder 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:32:12 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134867404     Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134868058
  • If given w/ statins --> increases risk of myopathy & rhabdomyolysis 
  • Alcohol use disorder -> decreased conversion of Trp 
  • OCPs increase efficiency of B3 synthesis from Trp -> reduces need! 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:32:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134868058     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134883587
  • Decreased niacin levels associated w/ increased risk of some cancers 
  • CVD: lipid-altering agent, 
    • 2-6 qd used to treat high cholesterol (nicotinic acid form)
  • Some evidence for reduced risk of MI 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:39:02 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134883587     BIOTIN sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134899744 2021-01-28 06:45:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134899744 Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134900862
  • Coenzyme for carboxylases that catalyze metabolic rxns -> nutrient metabolism & energy production 
  • Gene expression: biotinylation of histones -> uncoils them & makes them available for transcription
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:46:18 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134900862     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134906040 Plant: 
    • Nuts & seeds: walnuts, pecans, almonds 
    • Whole grains: rice bran, barley, oatmeal 
    • Legumes: soy beans, peanuts, black eyed peas
    Animal
    • Liver, dairy, egg yolk, fish, meat
    Endogenous:
    • Bacterial synthesis in colon by microbiome 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:48:24 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134906040     Bioavailability/ Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134920126
  • Panothenic acid & ALA compete for the same carrier (SMVT)
  • Avidin in raw egg whits binds biotin tightly -> effect eliminated by cooking egg whites 
  • Alcohol use disorder: may decrease absorption
  • Antibiotics: interfere w/ GI absorption
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 06:53:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134920126     Altered Needs sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134930150 Altered Needs:
    • pregnancy, lactation, high raw egg white consumption
    • smoking, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, alcohol use disorder 

    ]]>     2021-01-28 06:57:27 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1134930150     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1137992306
  • Multiple Sclerosis: high-dose biotin may result in clinical improvement 
  • Alopecia & Onychorrhexis: hair loss may improve, brittle nails may be strengthened 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 18:39:12 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1137992306     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138022012
  • Facial dermatitis (red, scaly)
  • Anorexia, nausea, alopecia (body-wide), brittle nails, myalgias
  • Depression, lethargy, peripheral neuropathy, seizures, ataxia 
  • Diabetes: deficiency causes impaired glucose metabolism, this is why biotin will be in blood sugar supplements 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 18:44:52 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138022012     Folate sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138030177 Folate is not folic acid! ]]> 2021-01-28 18:46:23 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138030177 Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138036131
  • Helps break down homocysteine 
  • Necessary for DNA repair & gene expression 
  • Nutrient metabolism & energy production 
  • Hematopoiesis
    • Deeper dive: 
    • Folate is a methyl carrier - 5MTHF transfers a methyl group to homocysteine via B12 to generate methionine --> SAM 
    • SAM is involved in many rxns! 
      • neural function, catecholamine synthesis (dopamine, NE, epinephrine) 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 18:47:30 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138036131     Bioavailabilty sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138069591
  • Folate lost w/ heat, oxidation, UV light
  • Folic acid = more heat stable, better absorption (near 100% absorption if taken away from food) 
  • Raw foods w/ folate like greens will increase bioavailability for those at risk
  • Absorption: mixed diet folate: 80% available compared to folic acid 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 18:53:49 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138069591     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138071098 Labs
    • RBC folate: reflects folate stores, better indicator of folate levels but 
    • Serum folate: reflects diet 
    Altered needs:
    • pregnancy, lactation, malabsorption (anything that impairs GI function), potentially MTHFR variant carriers 
    Prevention*
    • Adverse pregnancy outcomes: neural tube defects, CV malformation, orofacial clefts 
    • CVD: inversely correlated w/ CVD< elevated homocysteine directly correlated 
    • Cancer: may increase or decrease risk 
    • Alzheimers 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 18:54:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138071098     Nutrient & Food Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138074374
  • B12, B2 work w/ SAM regeneration pathway, B6 downstream 
  • Zinc is needed to digest folate 
  • Folate trap: occurs w/ low B12 
    • Low B12 -> affects methionine reductase -> traps folate in a form that's not usable by the body! (pay attention to B12 levels!)
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 18:54:44 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138074374     Drug Interactions / Toxicity sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138125060
  • Ethanol: inhibits digestion & absorption
  • Methotrexate (used for autoimmune diseases) is a folate agonist, inhibits DHFR 
  • Toxicity: 1000 ug from fortification can mask megaloblastic anemia in B12 deficicncy, will resolve the anemia but not the B12 deficiency 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 19:04:34 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138125060     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138130663 Plant:
    • Leafy greens: spinach, kale, aspragus, broccoli
    • Legumes: lentils, black0eyes peas, soy beans, kidney beans 
    • Whole grains: rice germ, wheat germ, barley
    • Nuts & seeds: walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds
    Animal: 
    • Mainly beef liver 
    Bacterial production 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 19:05:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138130663     Deficiency/ Altered Needs sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138165639 Macrocytic (megaloblastic) Anemia
    • High MCV< high MCH, elevated homocysteine
    • Fatigue, weakness, HA's, trouble concentration, heart palp
    • Oxygen carrying capacity is reduced 
    Impaired DNA Synthesis  
    • Other cells w/ rapid turnover will not work well, 
    • shortened villi & thinning of mucosa in SI -> diarrhea + malabsorption 
    • Increased risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy  
    Depression/ Anxiety/ Alzheimer's  
    • Low levels of folate related to Alz 
    • Low levels of folate AND B12 related to depression 
    • Elevated homocysteine - above issues + cardiovascular 
    ]]>     2021-01-28 19:12:33 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138165639     Vitamin B12 - Cobalamin sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138238658 Major forms: 
    • Meythlcobalamin: active form
    • Cyanocobalamin: common supplemental form 
    • 5'Deoxyadenosylcobalamin: active form 
    • Hydroxycobalamin
    ]]>     2021-01-28 19:26:39 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138238658     Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138308503
  • Cofactor roles 
    • Helps convert homocysteine to methionine as cofactor methionine synthase 
    • Converts methylmalonic CoA to succinyl CoA in mitochondria as a cofactor for L methylmalonic CoA mutase 
  • Produces hemoglobin, indirectly contributes to DNA synthesis 
  • Nutrient metabolism & energy production 
    • ]]>     2021-01-28 19:40:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138308503     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138323244 Animal (main source):
    • Organ meats & some shellfish 
    • Dairy 
    • Less bioavailable in eggs 
    Plant/Fortified foods:
    • Nutritional yeast
    • Fermented beans & vegetables 
    • Nori/ seaweed has substantial amounts
    ]]>     2021-01-28 19:44:04 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138323244     Digestion & Absorption sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138343488 Stomach- key! 
    • Stomach acid (HCL/Hydrochloric acid) & pepsin free B12 from food 
    • Then the free B12 binds to R proteins
    Duodenum 
    • R proteins are hydrolyzed by proteases -> releases free B12 
    • Free cobalamin binds to intrinsic factor in the small intestine 
    Terminal Ileum (Distal Small Intestine)  
    • Intrinsic factor-B12 complex binds to receptors is absorbed by endocytosis 
    Note- many chances for issues to come up! 

    ]]>     2021-01-28 19:48:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1138343488     Therapeutic applications - Potential Problems sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139460196 Hypochlorhydria (acid-reducing medications, aging)
    • stomach acid is necessary for the release of B12 from food
    • bacterial overgrowth (bacteria also use B12)
    H. Pylori Infection 
    • can cause atrophic gastritis or ulcers & can also lead to SIBO
    Loss of gastric parietal cells that make intrinsic factor 
    • autoimmunity to those cells or to intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia) 
    • Hashimoto's  
    Pancreatic insufficiency:
    • Cobalamin remains bound to R protein 
    Malabsorption
    • Impairs absorption from food (Celiac, other IBDs) 
    Surgeries for IBD 
    • (Crohn's, UC) removing terminal ileum removes the absorption site for B12 

    ]]>     2021-01-29 05:26:48 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139460196     Clinical Signs & Symptoms sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139466810
  • Elevated homocysteine or MMA 
  • Folate deficiency symptoms because of folate trap - folate not in a usable form 
  • Low energy 
  • Numbness & tingling of the hands or feet
  • memory loss
  • depression/ mood issues
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 05:33:46 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139466810     Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139468541 Meds that reduce acidity 
    • Can reduce release of protein bound B12 
    • Can also lead to SIBO , flora competes for B12 absorption 
    • PPIs especially 
    Metformin, Cholestryamine, Cochicine, some antibiotics 
    ]]>     2021-01-29 05:35:43 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139468541     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139476570
  • Early: megaloblastic anemia + elevated homocysteine 
  • Late: loss of coordination, balance, sensation changes in extremities, irritability, memory problems, psychosis ,dementia 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 05:39:56 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139476570     Clinical Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139486861
  • CVD: elevated homocysteine is directly correlated w/ increased risk of CVD 
  • May decrease cancer risk by liberating foalte 
  • B12 deficiency is associated w/ increased risk of AL=lz & Dementia 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 05:46:51 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139486861     Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139497915 Active form: Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P)]]> 2021-01-29 05:58:38 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139497915 Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139499544
  • Nervous system 
  • Component of NT synthesis 
    • decarboxylation of GABA, serotonin, dopamine 
  • Co-enzyme for 100s of enzymes 
    • Transamination (transfers an amino group) 
    • Coenzyme for ALT & AST -> key to liver function 

    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:00:28 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139499544     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139502505 Plant: 
    • Pyridoxine & pryidoxine phosphate
    • Nuts & seeds: sunflower seeds, walnuts, hazelnuts, pecans 
    • Fruits & vegetables: bananas, potatoes, avocados, spinach , kale
    • Legumes: Soybeans, lentils, chickpeas, lima beans
    • Whole grains: what germ, buckwheat 
    Animal: 
    • Pyridoxal & pyridoxamine & phosphorylated forms 
    • Especially fish, beef, pork, chicken 
    ]]>     2021-01-29 06:03:20 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139502505     Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139505853
  • Ethanol: impairs conversion of pyridoxine & pyridoxamine to PLP & acetaldehyde degrades PLP 
  • Inhibition of activity: long-term NSAID use, anticonvulsants, anti-tuberculosis drugs, L-dopa, OCPS (have na impact on many micronutrients) 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:07:11 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139505853     Decreased Levels sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139508538
  • Associated with 
  • Increased risk of immune dysfunction 
  • CVD
  • systemic inflammation 
  • cognitive decline & alz
  • Depressive disorders
  • cancer, kidney stones 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:09:53 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139508538     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139514426
  • Morning Sickness: considered a 1st line treatment for nausea & vomiting of pregnancy (don't take on empty stomach) 
  • Premenstrual Syndrome: some studies suggest efficacy w/ high doses
  • Depression: appears helpful, probably as part of a B-complex 
  • remember, OCPs deplete B6 and many other B's
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:11:34 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139514426     MTHFR Polymorphism sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139518922 Has the potential to affect how the body metabolizes B vitamins. May be increased for dietary folate, B6, B12 ]]> 2021-01-29 06:15:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139518922 Vitamin C sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139522626 Ascorbic acid & dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) ]]> 2021-01-29 06:19:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139522626 Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139523608
  • Fruits & Vegetables: especially asparagus, papaya, oranges, cantaloup, cauliflower, broccoli, brussels, green peppers, grapefruit, kale, lemons, strawberries, kiwi, limes, banana, pineapple, potato, rose hips 
  • Also very high in buckwheat leaf juice & adrenal gland 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:20:26 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139523608     Variants sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139528399 Vit C w/ bioflavonoids
    • no evidence of increased absorption
    Ascorbic acid & metabolites (ESTER-C)
    • no evidence of increased absorption
    • gentler on GI, non-acidic 
    Ascorbyl palmitate 
    ]]>     2021-01-29 06:25:08 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139528399     Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139531195 Antioxidant
    Pre-oxidant activity
    • In vitro at very high concentrations, but in normal physiological concentrations, unlikely 
    • High dose IV vitamin C - used for adjunctive treatment in cancer 
    Reducing agent
    • Maintains iron & copper atoms metalloenzymes in their reduced state 
    • These metalloenzymes catalyze rxns involved in 
      • collagen synthesis
      • carnitine synthesis
      • tyrosine synthesis + catabolism 
      • NT synthesis 
      • hormone synthesis 
    Microsomal Metabolism 
    • hydroxylation rxns that help the liver's detoxification of exogenous substrates or xenobiotics- drugs, carcinogens, pesticides, food additives, pollutants, etc 

    ]]>     2021-01-29 06:27:47 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139531195     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139541448 Scurvy: < 10 mg vitamin C/ daily for 1 month can lead to symptoms 
    plasma concentrating < 0.2 mg/dL ]]>     2021-01-29 06:37:08 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139541448     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139543258
  • Strong inverse association between plasma ascorbic acid & mortality from all causes, CVD & ischemic heart disease 
  • Higher vitamin C levels associate w/ decreased risks of cancer & all causes of mortality 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:38:54 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139543258     Treatment & Prevention sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139545910 Cold & Flu prevention
    • promotes chemotaxis & proliferation of macrophages & lymphocytes 
    • increases activity of NK cells 
    • antihistamine 
    • many studies show Vit C has not been shown to prevent the common cold or reduce its symptoms but can reduce duration of symptoms 
    ]]>     2021-01-29 06:41:20 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139545910     Vitamin E sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139554134
  • Tocopherols: have saturated side chains
  • Tocotrienols: have unsaturated side chains
  • Only alpha-tocopherol has biologic activity 
  • RRR-a-tocopherol = most biologically active form  
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:48:00 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139554134     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139557480 Superior sources: Unprocessed plant oils: 
    • wheat germ oil (highest amount) 
    • sunflower, safflower, canola, olive cottonseed whole grains, legumes, nut butters, some fruits & veggies 
    High fat meats (inferior sources)
    • Vit E is destroyed by air, light and heat so processed oils, roasted nuts will not contain active form 
    ]]>     2021-01-29 06:50:48 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139557480     Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139561596
  • Antioxidant role: 
    • protects membranes from destruction by preventing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of membranes 
  • Free radical termination 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:53:50 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139561596     Therapeutic Applications sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139565530
  • CVD: 
    • inhibits oxidation of LDL 
    • may inhibit platelet aggregation, prevent blood from clotting 
  • Diabetes Mellitus 
  • Cancer: theoretically due to antioxidant properties 
  • Eye Health: 
    • may slow progression of age-related macular degeneration if taken w/ vitamin C, beta-carotene, zinc and copper
    • Cataracts 
  • Alzheimer's: supplementation did not slow progression of Alz 

    • ]]>     2021-01-29 06:56:20 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139565530     Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139575730
  • Alkylating agents & anti-tumor antibiotics
  • Anticoagulants & anti-platelet drugs, herbs, & supplements 
  • Cytochrome P450 substrates 
  • Statins & niacin 
  • Vitamin K 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 07:03:43 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139575730     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139577125 Rare
    Occurs in 
    • Premature infants
    • Fat malabsorption states (cystic fibrosis) 
    • Hepatobiliary disorders 
    • Severe malnutrition 
    • Genetic defects affecting a-tocopherol transfer protein 
    • Smokers 

    ]]>     2021-01-29 07:04:41 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139577125     Nutrient Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139583725
  • Complimentary action w/ Selenium 
    • Higher concentrations of one can reduce effects of lower concentrations of the other 
  • Also complementary w/ Vit C
    •  Vit C can regenerate vitamin E after it's oxidized 
  • Polyunsaturated fatty acids
    • Requirement for Vit E increases or decreases when the amount of pUFA goes up or down 
  • Vitamin E inhibits B-carotene absorption and metabolism 
  • Impairs vitamin K abs & metabolism 
    • ]]>     2021-01-29 07:08:58 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1139583725     Selenium sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142899402 2021-01-30 02:03:14 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142899402 Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142899833
  • Brazil nuts (Richest source)
  • Meats
  • Broccoli
  • Wheat
  • Garlic
  • Eggs
  • Seafood (unless contains mercury) 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:03:45 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142899833     Absorption & Excretion sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142900844
  • Does not require digestion, efficiently absorbed in small intestine
  • Absorption enhanced by: vitamins A, C, & E
  • Absorption inhibited by: heavy metals & phytic acid 
  • Storage: stored in relatively high amounts in thyroid, kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, muscle, lungs, brain, bones & RBC 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:05:03 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142900844     Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142902569 Over 25 selenoproteins -> most function as antioxidants 
    • Glutathione Peroxidase: catalyzes removal of hydrogen peroxides, selenium is an integral part of this enzyme 
    • Selenoprotein P: transports selenium to tissues & acts as an antioxidant in the blood
    • Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase (Selenoprotein R): reduces oxidized methionine, created when free radicals oxidize methionine residues in protein (damages the protein) 
    • Theioredoxin Reductase & more 
    • Other selenoproteins involved in functions such as maintaining / inducing cytochrome P450 system, DNA repair, muscle growth, enzyme activation, immune function, etc.


    ]]>     2021-01-30 02:07:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142902569     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142906633
  • primarily occurs in areas where selenium does not occur in soil i.e. China, central Africa , parts of Europe
  • Keshan Disease: cardiomyopathy, CHF  
    •  infection w/ cozxackie virus = a cofactor -> lack of selenium makes the virus more virulent
  • Kashin-Beck disease: osteoarthropathy

    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:12:29 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142906633     Therapeutic Actions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142913299
  • Cancer: shown protective effect of higher selenium level, however no benefit shown w/ supplementation 
  • Type II DM: some evidence has shown may increase risk of type II DM 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:20:55 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142913299     Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142915189 Few
    • Dimercaprol (chelating agent): can bind w/ certain metals such as iron & selenium , forming a complex that is toxic to kidneys
    • Valproic acid (anticonvulsant drug) & cisplatin (chemotherapeutic agent) 
    ]]>     2021-01-30 02:23:09 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142915189     Vitamin B5 sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142918901 Pantothenic Acid ]]> 2021-01-30 02:28:04 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142918901 Key Functions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142919139
  • Coenzyme A (CoA) is made from B5 
  • Energy production: is involved in citric acid cycle in the form of acetyl-CoA & succinyl CoA 
  • Nutrient metabolism: role in synthesis of essential fats, cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamins A & D 
  • Acetylation: introduces an acetyl functional group
    • acetylcholine synthesis - BRAIN function !
    • acetylation of histones enhances gene expression & promotes transcription 
    • sugar, protein, some drugs - detox  

    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:28:22 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142919139     Food Sources sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142924536
  • Nearly all plant & animal foods (pantos)
    • Beef liver (high) 
    • sunflower seeds
    • trout, chicken, 
    • avocado, sweet potato
    • lentils 
    • eggs
  • Endogenous: microbial synthesis in colon (amount absorbed is unclear) 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:35:40 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142924536     Bioavailability sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142926289
  • Sensitive to heat & freezing, also to acid & alkaline environments
  • processing / refining grains will cause loss 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:38:07 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142926289     Nutrient / Drug Interactions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142927077
  • Shares a transporter w/ biotin & lipoic acid (possible competition) 
  • OCPs may increase need
  • Pantethine (B5 derivative) w/ statins or nicotinic acid increases lipid lowering effects 
    • ]]>     2021-01-30 02:39:16 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142927077     Deficiency sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142928462 Burning Foot syndrome: 
    • neuritis w/ burning sensation, worse w/ warmth, bettwe w/ cold
    • Skin irritation, vomiting, fatigue weakness cramping
    • Rare, only in severe deficiency

    ]]>     2021-01-30 02:41:15 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142928462     Therapeutic Actions sogolashourpour https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142930584 Increased Needs: 
    • pregnancy, lactation
    • DM 
    • Alcohol, IBD
    Clinical Connections
    • wound healing
    • cholesterol: lipid lowering effects of pantethine 
    ]]>     2021-01-30 02:44:01 UTC https://padlet.com/sogolashourpour/qloixvc3an1mszbr/wish/1142930584