Tiara Putrj Tunjungsari 242122111040

Rahma Tiawini 242122111004

Zahra Amanda Putri 242122111019

answer: Humans talk because they have highly developed brains, particularly the language centers, and complex vocal anatomy that allow for speech. Animals, while capable of communication, lack the cognitive and anatomical structures necessary for language as humans use it.

In phonetics, the velum (soft palate) controls airflow through the nasal or oral cavity, helping to produce nasal sounds when lowered. The uvula helps in creating uvular sounds by vibrating or constricting airflow at the back of the mouth. Both play key roles in speech articulation.

Oral sounds are produced with airflow only through the mouth, while nasal sounds are produced with airflow through both the nose and mouth, due to the lowering of the velum.

The vocal folds are important for speech because they vibrate to produce sound when air passes through them, creating the voice. This vibration, combined with movements of the tongue, lips, and other structures, helps form different speech sounds.

When the VOT (voice onset time) is 0.31 seconds, the sound is voiceless because VOT measures the delay between the release of a consonant and the onset of vocal fold vibration. Voiceless sounds have longer VOTs, while voiced sounds have shorter or even negative VOTs.

The alveolar ridge is a crucial part of the speech mechanism. It is located just behind the upper front teeth and serves as a point of contact for the tongue during the production of certain speech sounds, particularly alveolar sounds like /t/, /d/, /s/, and /z/. It helps in shaping and directing airflow to produce clear and distinct speech.

a./m/

d./n/

b./k/

e./d/

c. /al

f. A/

no 8

a. [m]

When the air is released through the nose, we have the nasal sound [m].

b. [k]

The back of the tongue can also make contact with the velum to produce [k] as in came.

c. [a]

The tongue can also be lowered to produce low vowels such as [a] as in bat and in far.

d. [n]

made by blocking sounds from the mouth with the lips or tongue. Air is then expelled entirely through the nose. Sounds in which the air is expelled through both the mouth and nose

e. [d]

Except for the root, any part of the tongue can be placed in certain positions to produce certain sounds. The tip can be placed at the lower gum of the upper front teeth, called the al- veolar ridge, producing the alveolar sounds [t] as in tie and [d] as in die.

f. [i]

In vowels such as /i/ in meet and /u/ in food the tongue is positioned high in the mouth to produced high vowels.