Specifically, christensenella gut bacteria have been found to be more common in lean people than the overweight and obese and they are also highly inheritable from parent to child.

In the lab, christensenella minuta bacteria have turned obese mice into lean mice, and when they were transplanted into bacteria-free mice, they reversed weight gain.

Scientists are now working to further determine the safety and efficacy of christensenella minuta  on humans for possible future use as an anti-obesity therapy.

The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes that affect many aspects of our health. Evidence, mostly from studies of rodents, suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in the development of obesity.

In earlier research, a team led by Dr. Jeffrey Gordon at the Washington University School of Medicine showed that obese and lean human twins have clear differences in their gut microbial communities. Most notably, the communities from obese twins have less diverse bacterial species. In their new study, the scientists used a mouse model to further explore the role that gut microbes play in obesity and metabolism. Their work was funded in part by NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) and National Institute on Aging (NIA).

The team took gut microbes from 4 sets of human twins in which one was lean and the other obese. They introduced the microbes of each twin into different groups of mice that had been raised in a previously germ-free environment. They then observed weight and metabolic changes in the mouse groups when fed the same diet. The results were published in Science on September 6, 2013.

Mice populated with microbes from a lean twin stayed slim, whereas those given microbes from an obese twin quickly gained weight. The “lean” and “obese” microbes had different measurable effects on the body’s metabolism.

When mice are housed in the same cage, microbiota transfer between cage-mates is common. The researchers thus placed together mice harboring microbes from lean twins and mice carrying microbes from obese twins.

The scientists found that specific groups of microbes transferred from lean mice to their obese cage-mates, who began with less diverse microbial communities. The transfer only occurred in one direction: from lean to obese mice. This transfer appeared to prevent obesity and encourage metabolic profiles resembling those of lean mice.

The researchers were curious about the impact that a typical American diet, high in saturated fats and low in fiber, would have on these obesity-fighting microbes. The mice had initially been given a chow that was low in saturated fat and high in fruits and vegetables. The scientists repeated the experiment, but this time fed the mice a diet high in saturated fats and low in fruits and vegetables.

On the high-fat diet, the lean mice’s bacteria weren’t able to colonize the obese mice, and the mice developed obesity. These results show that expanding gut microbe diversity can help improve health. However, it takes more than microbes working alone; the success of the approach depends on diet.

“These experiments show that eating a healthy diet encourages microbes associated with leanness to become incorporated into the gut,” Gordon says. “But a diet high in saturated fat and low in fruits and vegetables thwarts the invasion of microbes associated with leanness. This is important as we look to develop next-generation probiotic cocktails composed of defined collections of naturally occurring human gut microbes as a treatment for obesity.”

— by Katherine Wendelsdorf, Ph.D.

In recent years, scientists have become aware that human microbiota, in general, and gut microbiota, in particular, play a major role in human health and diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, among others. A large number of evidence has come to light regarding the beneficial effects, either for the host or the gut microbiota, of some foods and food ingredients or biochemical compounds. Among these, the most promising seem to be polysaccharides (PS) or their derivatives, and they include the dietary fibers. Some of these PS can be found in seaweeds and microalgae, some being soluble fibers, such as alginates, fucoidans, carrageenans and exopolysaccharides, that are not fermented, at least not completely, by colonic microbiota. This review gives an overview of the importance of the dietary fibers, as well as the benefits of prebiotics, to human health. The potential of the PS from marine macro- and microalgae to act as prebiotics is discussed, and the different techniques to obtain oligosaccharides from PS are presented. The mechanisms of the benefits of fiber, in general, and the types and benefits of algal fibers in human health are highlighted. The findings of some recent studies that present the potential effects of prebiotics on animal models of algal biomass and their extracts, as well as oligo- and polysaccharides, are presented. In the future, the possibility of using prebiotics to modulate the microbiome, and, consequently, prevent certain human diseases is foreseen.

Keywords: seaweeds, algae, microalgae, polysaccharides, PS, prebiotics, microbiota, health benefits, fibre

sourcelink: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4771980/

Most people know that a diet high in carbohydrates indicates a relationship to serious diseases like cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. What we haven't always known is the serious affect sugar has on our brain health. When you eat carbohydrates, which break down into sugar in the body, your blood sugar levels sky-rocket[vi]. High blood sugar levels also create inflammation, further causing your brain's health to weaken. Over time, a diet high in sugar translates into the accelerated death of supple, healthy brain cells[vii].

Studies have shown that brain cells shrink and become tangled from high blood sugar levels over time[viii]. This means that your sugar intake could be drastically affecting long-term brain health, inherently increasing the likelihood of developing lesions in the brain, which are linked to the deadly disease process we call Alzheimer's.

The good news is that the brain is very resilient. A handful of well-researched, holistic prevention tools have been shown to restore damaged brain cells, and return a dying brain to its fully functioning state[ix].

sourcelink: http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/sugar-and-your-brain-alzheimer%E2%80%99s-disease-actually-type-3-diabetes

Bacteria that produce a therapeutic compound in the gut inhibit weight gain, insulin resistance and other adverse effects of a high-fat diet in mice, Vanderbilt University investigators have discovered.

“Of course it’s hard to speculate from mouse to human,” said senior investigator Sean Davies, Ph.D., assistant professor of Pharmacology. “But essentially, we’ve prevented most of the negative consequences of obesity in mice, even though they’re eating a high-fat diet.”
“The types of bacteria you have in your gut influence your risk for chronic diseases,” Davies said. “We wondered if we could manipulate the gut microbiota in a way that would promote health.”

To start, the team needed a safe bacterial strain that colonizes the human gut. They selected E. coli Nissle 1917, which has been used as a probiotic treatment for diarrhea since its discovery nearly 100 years ago.

They genetically modified the E. coli Nissle strain to produce a lipid compound called NAPE, which is normally synthesized in the small intestine in response to feeding. NAPE is rapidly converted to NAE, a compound that reduces both food intake and weight gain. Some evidence suggests that NAPE production may be reduced in individuals eating a high-fat diet.

sourcelink: https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2014/07/17/bacteria-prevent-obesity/

The human gut contains about 100 trillion microorganisms, the majority of which come from around 40 species. Many of these provide many beneficial services in terms of digestion and eliminating disease-causing microbes, so it isn’t much of a stretch that this particular strain of E. coli, a known probiotic, could be manipulated for use in weight loss. Unfortunately, there are some key changes that will have to be made prior to clinical trials in humans.

The modified bacteria, as it currently stands, is resistant to antibiotics. This was done to make it easier to grow in the lab for experimentation purposes. While the bacteria hasn’t shown any signs of being harmful, the researchers will need to find an alternative before it can be used in humans. The alternative will also need to go rigorous testing to ensure it does not pose any health risks.

Obesity has become a world-wide epidemic that kills 2.8 million people each year. Type 2 diabetes affects 347 million people globally, and over 80 percent of people diagnosed are also considered obese. The disease was the seventh leading cause of death in the US in 2006, though it can also lead to nerve damage, renal failure, stroke, and the need for limb amputation.

sourcelink: http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/genetically-modified-bacteria-could-prevent-obesity/

The researchers elucidated on the mechanism by which this fat loss happens. A gel kind of substance is formed in the stomach that is responsible for creating the feeling of fullness in the stomach. The gel occupies space and the person cannot accommodate more food. The results got from the study can be successfully used as a treatment for obesity.

Another job vacancy associated with obesity might be one normally filled by a stomach bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Research by Martin Blaser of New York University suggests that it helps to regulate appetite by modulating levels of ghrelin—a hunger-stimulating hormone. H. pyloriwas once abundant in the American digestive tract but is now rare, thanks to more hygienic living conditions and the use of antibiotics, says Blaser, author of a new book entitled Missing Microbes.

Diet is an important factor in shaping the gut ecosystem. A diet of highly processed foods, for example, has been linked to a less diverse gut community in people. Gordon's team demonstrated the complex interaction among food, microbes and body weight by feeding their humanized mice a specially prepared unhealthy chow that was high in fat and low in fruits, vegetables and fiber (as opposed to the usual high-fiber, low-fat mouse kibble). Given this “Western diet,” the mice with obese-type microbes proceeded to grow fat even when housed with lean cagemates. The unhealthy diet somehow prevented the virtuous bacteria from moving in and flourishing.

The interaction between diet and gut bacteria can predispose us to obesity from the day we are born, as can the mode by which we enter the world. Studies have shown that both formula-fed babies and infants delivered by cesarean section have a higher risk for obesity and diabetes than those who are breast-fed or delivered vaginally. Working together, Rob Knight of the University of Colorado Boulder and Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello of N.Y.U. have found that as newborns traverse the birth canal, they swallow bacteria that will later help them digest milk. C-section babies skip this bacterial baptism. Babies raised on formula face a different disadvantage: they do not get substances in breast milk that nurture beneficial bacteria and limit colonization by harmful ones. According to a recent Canadian study, babies drinking formula have bacteria in their gut that are not seen in breast-fed babies until solid foods are introduced. Their presence before the gut and immune system are mature, says Dominguez-Bello, may be one reason these babies are more susceptible to allergies, asthma, eczema and celiac disease, as well as obesity.

A new appreciation for the impact of gut microbes on body weight has intensified concerns about the profligate use of antibiotics in children. Blaser has shown that when young mice are given low doses of antibiotics, similar to what farmers give livestock, they develop about 15 percent more body fat than mice that are not given such drugs. Antibiotics may annihilate some of the bacteria that help us maintain a healthy body weight. “Antibiotics are like a fire in the forest,” Dominguez-Bello says. “The baby is forming a forest. If you have a fire in a forest that is new, you get extinction.” When Laurie Cox, a graduate student in Blaser's laboratory, combined a high-fat diet with the antibiotics, the mice became obese. “There's a synergy,” Blaser explains. He notes that antibiotic use varies greatly from state to state in the U.S., as does the prevalence of obesity, and intriguingly, the two maps line up—with both rates highest in parts of the South.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-gut-bacteria-help-make-us-fat-and-thin/

azlin

They've helped mice refrain from over-eating fatty foods.

MYLES GOUGH

10 APR 2015

Bacteria engineered to produce hunger suppressing molecules have been used to prevent mice from overeating, and could one day be used to help people lose weight, researchers say.

Pharmacologists from Vanderbilt University in the US have programmed a strain of E. coli, which is prescribed as a digestive probiotic in Europe, to produce a compound called N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines - or NAPE.

This compound is produced naturally in the small intestine following a meal, and is converted to a form that acts as an appetite suppressant, basically telling our bodies to stop eating. However, people who are obese sometimes don't produce enough of this compound, says lead researcher Sean Davis, which can make effective long-term treatment very difficult.

Davis hopes that by modifying bacteria to secrete certain therapeutic compounds, he can help treat diseases related to obesity and ageing, such as diabetes and heart disease. Importantly, this could also help eliminate the need to remember to take medication.

Davis and his team examined the effects of the genetically modified bacteria on mice that were fed a high-fat diet. Mice that drank water laced with the bacteria gained 15 percent less weight than mice in a control group over an eight-week treatment period.

These mice ate less food, had lower body fat, and staved off diseases such as diabetes and fatty liver disease, better than their counterparts. Furthermore, the researchers report that the beneficial effects of the bacteria lasted for about four to six weeks, which suggests that the microbes were able to colonise in the gut once ingested.

Davis presented his findings at the American Chemical Society spring meeting and addressed questions about the research at a press conference in the below video.

In earlier work, the team learned that mice needed to be able to convert the NAPE compound into an active metabolite in order for the ingested bacteria to prevent weight gain. This was problematic, as some mice lacked the enzyme needed to trigger this conversion, rendering the bacteria ineffective.

"But we could overcome that by further engineering our bacteria so they had that enzyme... and then, even in the mice that lacked the enzyme, we were able to inhibit the obesity," explained Davis.

As Katherine Bourzac at MIT Technology Review points out, bacteria have a distinct advantage for delivering certain compounds, such as NAPE, which cannot be administered orally because it wouldn't survive digestion.

Other teams are working on ways to deliver the compound, but Davis says this will likely require an injection - and perhaps several per day to achieve the same effect.

He says his team noticed that they need much less of the compound when it's being delivered by the bacteria, versus an injection, which he suspects is due to the fact that the bacteria are very close to the site where the NAPE needs to act.

"One of the advantages of the bacteria is that, particularly if we can get them to colonise, is that a person wouldn't have to take a drug everyday," he says. "In fact, they might not have to take it for many months at a time."

Concerns have been raised about contamination, with genetically engineered microbes escaping into the broader world around us. Davis acknowledged the concern, and said his group is trying to "cripple the bacteria" in a way that limits their potential to survive outside the warm, nutrient-rich environment of the gut.

Charles Elson, a gastroenterologist at the University of Alabama Medical School, told Bourzac at MIT Technology Review that using so-called 'designer probiotics' to treat chronic diseases is a promising idea. 

However, Elson noted that it will be challenging to engineer therapeutic bacteria that can successfully establish a population in the human gut.

"The resident organisms in the gut will fight them off," he says.

Algae and thyroid

People suffering from hypothyroidism are prone to gain weight. Hypothyroidism occurs due to an iodine deficiency, but if the people who have the symptoms of hypothyroidism eat algae, iodine that is present is absorbed by the body. What happens then? This increases the consumption of iodine and thyroid stimulating hormone, so the people who are suffering from thyroid problems can then lose weight, if they choose to regularly consume algae.

Algae and fibers

The algae are also rich in fiber. The consumption of fiber makes you feel full and passes the uncontrollable urge to consume more food. Fucoxanthin which is present in algae promotes the burning of fat in your body, but also a benefit of consuming fucoxanthin is that it helps to burn fat especially abdominal type. In fact, the type of fat that thickens in this area is linked to illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease: the loss of abdominal fat can therefore help in the event of a person with diabetes or heart problems.

The absorption of the fat

Since the algae is rich in alginates, thanks to it the absorption of fat from the body is reduced, and this is fundamental to control weight problems. This particular seaweed has no fat and especially has a low calorie content; carbohydrates present in the algae are of the complex type and are absorbed much more slowly. As a result, it takes longer to digest food and not feel the hunger pangs long after you have finished your meal.

The main benefits of algae

Unlike other diets, in which weight loss is accompanied by a feeling of malaise and low energies, a diet rich in algae does feel extremely in forces. The hair remains shiny and the skin continues to shine because they also come into play other parts of the alga, such as minerals and vitamins are able to meet the nutritional needs of the body. The choice of a diet rich in seaweed can help you become healthier and thinner. When following other diets to lose weight, the skin tends to wrinkle because it loses firmness, but since the seaweed keeps the skin supple, your skin will not be affected because of the slow emptying of fat mass loss.
The people living in the Far East have less problems related to obesity and this can be attributed to the consumption of seaweed, their lifestyle and their eating habits. You must include the seaweed in your diet, but if you do not like the taste, you can consider buying supplements come in the form of tablets or capsules, in order to lose weight and become healthier.

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Ultrafiltration and RP_HPLC techniques were used for purification of bioactive peptides.

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