NOTE: the website actually introduces the topic and due to limitations of a webpage, different applications are linked.

Modern science needs a quantum leap and nanotechnology provided a wormhole travel for the leap. Nanotechnology is the science of developing small things. It is the technology of converting the macro substances into micro sizes , in the range of nanometres.The properties of the substances change at such a small level. It is going to be the the next revolution in materialistic science after the invention of plastic. Nanotechnology has already found its place in medical sciences. Doctors are using it to clear blockages in hearts and kidneys. Nanotechnology is being developed for stealth purposes by the armies of different countries. It is going to be the next future. Nanotechnology is the key of future for communication industry. It will change the way we live and interact with the present day technology. Nanotechnology is the quantum leap

In today’s world many things are increasing at an extremely fast pace but among them the most considerable thing is the field of nanotechnology like a fire in a forest.

There is a huge application of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture as

Scientists have discovered the molecule that can act as a nanosensor for detecting pesticides in the crops which would help them in agricultural activities with proper usage of pesticides to protect the crops.

There can also be a huge application of nanotechnology in defence as scientist are putting their heart and soul to develop a liquid armour which would be lighter in weight and also solve its main purpose as it will be using the liquid molecules which on compressing can temporarily convert into the solid.

One of the most important applications is that various cloths are being made waterproof and stain free by embedding some molecules into the fibre which repels the water or oil on the surface of the fabric or a cloth.

Finally,we can conclude that the nano technology is like an ocean of knowledge and we just know a single drop of it.

When it comes to drugs and medicines, the mechanism of drug delivery is necessarily based on nanotechnology. However , with development in science and technology, there is a wide array of innovations in which nanotechnology peeps through in this field.

Nanotechnology can be used to make surgical tools. Scientists are building all sorts of devices that will hold, cut and mend very small parts inside your body—parts the size of a single cell, or even smaller.

Apart from this, Scientists have been making nanometer scale things that are based upon what we see in nature. This is called biomimetics—-copying things found in nature.

It turns out that cancercells have a lot of folic acid receptors, proteins on the outside of a cell that bind folic acid. carbon nanotubes coated with folic acid, that is vitamin B are used to treat cancer. So the cancer cells bind folic acid coated carbon

nanotubes and then the carbon nanotubes get inside the cancer cell.

When we talk about an emerging field-such as nanotechnology whose applications are being researched even today in a plethora of different fields, some questions are bound to arise. I've made an attempt to answer some of those. Such As:

1. WHY nanotechnology in medicine??

It should rather, be 'Why not nanotechnology' because with the world getting smaller, gadgets becoming smarter, it is more or less obvious to link nanotechnology with medicine and biology. With time, several new surgical techniques have been developed, using newer instruments which make operations much easier.

Apart from this, the very basic principle of drug delivery makes use of nanotechnology(as mentioned in the article).

2.WHAT is the scope of nanotechnology in this field??

Here, nanotechnology can be used in creation of artificial sensory receptors, treatment of fatal disease- like cancer, Searching for newer and safer medicines and the list continues.....

3.HOW does does it help in the field of medicine??

Nanotechnology essentially deals with making things smaller . Actually, apart from medicines, application in the field of electronics has exponentially increased the areas of usage. For example, pacemaker, a device used to deal with ' Cardiac arrhythmia' has great importance in healthcare is a product of nanotechnology.

4. So WH does it end?

The sky is the limit! "The greatest power of nanomedicine will emerge, perhaps in the 2020s, when we can design and construct complete artificial nanorobots using rigid diamondoid nanometer-scale parts like molecular gears and bearings. These nanorobots will possess a full panoply of autonomous subsystems including onboard sensors, motors, manipulators, power supplies, and molecular computers. "Says Robert A. Freitas Jr., A research fellow at Institute for Molecular Manufacturing. The statement also shows that development of nanotechnolgy in any single field is co-related with its advancement in other fields

http://www.nanooze.org/articles/main-articles

1.What is the impact of developments in the field of nanotechnology?

There is a huge impact of developments in the field of nanotechnology as these are improving the standard of our living as well as helping us in moving step by step with this fast moving world and hence,nanotechnology is moulding our lives and providing them new beautiful shapes like a clay and making our future as bright as the sun.

2.Why there is a need of developments in nanotechnology?

Today's world is developing with a lightening speed and we can't manage to keep pace with this fast moving world without these developments in nanotechnology.Our life has gradually become like a running vehicle while these developments in nanotechnology are like a fuel for that running vehicle.Thus without the developments going on in the field of nanotechnology,our lives will be like an earth without the water.

3.What can be the areas in which the developments in the field of nanotechnology can take place?

For finding the answer of this question,we have to explore as much as we can, in the field of nanotechnology.

However,there can be various areas in which the developments in the field of nanotechnology can take place.

Forexample:defence,medical sciences,agriculture etc.

In fact,the nanotechnology is like a sea of knowledge and hence,the deeper we dive the more we explore.

1) What is the use of nanotechnology in materials?

Ans- Using nanotechnology, materials can effectively be made to be stronger, lighter, more durable, more reactive, more sieve-like, or better electrical conductors, among many other traits. There already exist over 800 everyday commercial products that rely on nanoscale materials and processes.

2) How does nanotechnology revolutionize the electronics sector?

Ans- Nanotechnology is already in use in many computing, communications, and other electronics applications to provide faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information.

3)Where can nanotechnology be used elsewhere?

Ans-Nanotechnology could help meet the need for affordable, clean drinking water through rapid, low-cost detection of impurities in and filtration and purification of water.

Well, Internet is the backbone of all of our research on nanotechnology. Right from referring to journals to pasting images - it made everything much easier.

To collect data, we first of all got our topics distributed and searched for relevant information accordingly.

However, the sites we referred to had to be essentially different. For the aspects of development do change with a change in the field of application.

True enough. But as these fields were so closely interwoven, we could easily find out some points of intersection, as is mentioned in the articles.

source 1-http://www.thestudymaterial.com/presentation-seminar/computer-presentation/54-presentation-nano-computers.html?start=1

source 2-

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=nanotechnology.gif&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI8u-n_euTyAIVR5GOCh0bfQfk&biw=1366&bih=667#imgrc=EXFswE-rGuYp_M%3A

Source 3-

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=2190-4286-6-197&vt=f&tpn=0&bpn=home

The author of this journal is-

Nunzio Motta.

Source 4-

Video on nanotechnology-

www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEH6tDLKcVU

Video on innovations in nanotechnology.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hZ5hinf9vo

Source 6-

Importance of nanotechnology in material science.

http://www.mse.umd.edu/whatismse/nanotechnology

Source 7-

Carbon nanotubes

http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotubes-carbon.html

http://www.nanooze.org/articles/nanobiology-and-nanomedicine/

Source2

Introduction to nanomedicine by Willey and Blackbell

Source 3

http://www.nanooze.org/articles/nanobiology-and-nanomedicine/applications

Source4:

Understanding nanosciences by Ketan Patel

Source5:

Basics of nanomedicine by Richard and Harvey

Source6:

http://www.thestudymaterial.com/presentation-seminar/computer-presentation/54-presentation-nano-computers.html?start=1

Source 7:

http://www.britannica.com/technology/nanotechnology

Source1

http://www.nanooze.org/articles/nanobiology-and-nanomedicine/

Source2

Introduction to nanomedicine by Willey and Blackbell

Source3

http://www.inderscience.com

Source4

http://www.understandingnano.com/nanotech-applications.html

Source5

https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/single/articleFullText.htm?publicid=2190-4286-6-197&vt=f&tpn=0&bpn=home

Source6

http://www.crnano.org/developing.htm

Source7

http://www.britannica.com/technology/nanotechnology

Why not?! A lot of brainstorming is going on this topic at present. Debates amongst scholars of the field are broadening the scope and the very definition of nanomedicine. On one hand, there are people saying that the concept of nanotechnology is making things smaller and hence, it has more to do with electrical equipments in healthcare. Another group of scholars says that the basic mechanisms of drug delivery and drug- target interactions is indirectly based on nanotech- making the concept broader.

The following questions can provide a basis for the survey. As nanotechnology is a relatively newer topic, with lack of information amongst common folks, the target audience has to be essentially research scientists , scholars, students and analysts of Nanotechnology. Questions:

1.What is your personal definition of nanomedicine and what are the sectors of medicine which will get the greatest benefits from this science/technology in the future?

Scientists and engineers spend thousands of man-hours each year developing and innovating new products. Increasingly this research work is under the microscope and the person peering through the microscope may be a member of the public. A lot of very carefully planned research and development work can be undermined by a pithy remark in the press that may be misinterpreted by the public especially where new technology can be caricatured in an unhelpful manner. A social science vision recognises that, due to the complexity of the world within which nanotechnology functions, the solutions developed with scientific excitement and enthusiasm need to come with a health warning. Two further social science issues are ensuring privacy of information and technology fixes instead of better life style health choices. A public consultation project [3] was developed to enable the EPSRC to take account of a wide set of societal views and inform nanotechnology research trajectories for healthcare – creating a space through which citizens, scientists and stakeholders can engage in an informed debate on the public value, ethics and applications at an early stage. A further warning on the necessity of this approach is a recent press release concerning nanomaterials from the European Commission that recognises the benefits of nanomaterials, however, for consumer protection has called for urgent development of adequate testing protocols and metrology standards to assess the hazard of exposure to workers, consumers and the environment. Also included should be entire life cycle with accident cases and labelling (probably to REACH standards) using a multi-disciplinary approach.

Questions

1)For a long time effect,what will be the social benefit of nanotechnology?

2)Will the advancement of nanotechnology provide an economic breakthrough?

3)Is the development of nanotechnology has a further research future?

4)Will this technology save people?

5)How will nanotechnology promise the protection of the environment?

what is the need of survey on this topic? when we talk about survey on this topic,this question immidiately strikes our mind while the answer is obvious,that is,the developments in nanotechnology helps us to have a better understanding and an indepth approach about this field.Infact,developments in this field are like stairs which helps us to move higher and higher in our life and there is no end to these stairs and hence the more stairs we would step up the higher we would climb making a new pathway towards the wonderful future and we would be able to crush off most of the bigger challenges of our life as in today's world,our life is like a task to be performed by us and these developments in the field of nanotechnology are serving us like tools which are required by this task to be performed.The following questions would solve the purpose of this survey by hammering into our minds the importance of developments in this field :

1.what developments occured till now do you think have a great impact on your lives?

2.According to you, what is the scope of these developments in future?

3.Do you think that there is any area in which there is a huge scope of developments in the field of nanotechnology?If so,then why?

4.We have a very limited knowledge in the area of developments in this field.Is there any way according to you so that we can get rid off this lack of knowledge in this field?

5.Have you found anything amazing in this field?If so,then justify?

6.What are your opinions regarding the importance of these developments in uplifting the economic growth of a nation?

1) NANOFABRICATION-Nanofabrication is the design and manufacture of devices with dimensions measured in nanometers. One nanometer is 10 -9 meter, or a millionth of a millimeter.

2) TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

3)NANOSHELLS-

A nanoshell, or rather a nanoshell plasmon, is a type of spherical nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core which is covered by a thin metallic shell (usually gold).

4)TWEEZING- REMOVAL OF HAIR FROM THE ROOTS BY USE OF MANUAL FORCEPS.

5)GRAFTING-

Grafting or graftage is a horticultural technique whereby tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets of vascular tissues may join together. This vascular joining is called inosculation.

6)GENOME-

A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entiregenome—more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus.

7)LATTICE WORK-

Latticework is an openwork framework consisting of a criss-crossed pattern of strips of building material, typically wood or metal.

8)GEODESIC

In mathematics, particularly differential geometry, a geodesic (/ˌdʒiːɵˈdiːzɨk/ jee-o-dee-zik or /ˌdʒiːɵˈdɛsɨk/ jee-o-des-ik) is a generalization of the notion of a "straight line" to "curved spaces".

9)LYMPHOMA-

Lymphoma is any of a group of blood cell tumors that develop from lymphatic cells. The name often refers to just the cancerous ones rather than all such tumors.

10)NANOBEAD-

SMALL GLOBULAR STRUCTURES, MAINLY MADE UP OF CARBON USED IN NANOSCIENCES.

Nanomedicine -- (1) the comprehensive monitoring, control, construction, repair, defense, and improvement of all human biological systems, working from the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures; (2) the science and technology of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body; (3) the employment of molecular machine systems to address medical problems, using molecular knowledge to maintain and improve human health at the molecular scale. 

Volitional normative model of disease -- in medical nanorobotics, disease is said to be present in a human being upon either (1) the failure of optimal physical (e.g. biological) functioning, or (2) the failure of desired (by the patient) functioning.

Monkeywrenching -- in medical nanorobotics, the mechanical or chemical jamming of cellular equilibrium processes, with a cytocidal objective. See also disequilibration.

Nanapheresis -- in medical nanorobotics, the removal of bloodborne medical nanorobots from the body using aphersis-like processes.

Nanocentrifuge -- in medical nanorobotics, a proposed nanodevice that can spin materials at very high speed, imparting rotational accelerations of up to one trillion gravities (g's), thus permitting rapid sortation.

Nanochronometer -- in medical nanorobotics, a proposed clock or timing mechanism constructed of nanoscale component

Autogenous control -- in medical nanorobotics, the conscious control of in vivo nanorobotic systems by the human user or patient; in biochemistry, the action of a gene product that either inhibits (negative autogenous control) or activates (positive autogenous control) expression of the gene coding for it.

Baronatation -- in medical nanorobotics, locomotion through a frozen fluid by applying mechanical pressure along the path travelled to induce melting ahead, followed by regelation (refreezing) behind

Atomic Layer Deposition(ALD) (AFM) A self-limiting, sequential surface chemistry that deposits conformal thin-films of materials onto substrates of varying compositions. ALD is similar in chemistry to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), except that the ALD reaction breaks the CVD reaction into two half-reactions, keeping the precursor materials separate during the reaction. ALD film growth is self-limited and based on surface reactions, which makes achieving atomic scale deposition control possible. By keeping the precursors separate throughout the coating process, atomic layer control of film grown can be obtained as fine as ~ 0.1 angstroms per monolayer. 

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) An instrument able to image surfaces to molecular accuracy by mechanically probing their surface contours. A kind of proximal probe. .... A device in which the deflection of a sharp stylus mounted on a soft spring is monitored as the stylus is moved across a surface. If the deflection is kept constant by moving the surface up and down by measured increments, the result (under favorable conditions) is an atomic-resolution topographic map of the surface. Also termed a scanning force microscope. [FS]

Currently, active research is going on on ways to apply nanotechnology in healthcare because of its feature of 'compactness'. Here are some examples of fields where nanotechnology can be used.

Organ transplantation: The main reason for low success rate of organ transplantation is the incompatibility found between the organ of donor and that of receiver. Even if a compatible donor is found, no one can guarantee a "reaction-free recovery".Nanotechnology can be used not only to prevent the cause of reaction, but also to create artificial organs. Extensive research is going on to create polymers similar to human tissues.

Better alteranatives for chemotherapy: Cancer treatment is often related with sureshot side-effects like excessive hairloss, diarrhoea,

during chemotherapy or radiation sickness in case of radiation therapy. Principles of nanomedicine can be used to directly interfering with the division of so-called 'mad cells' simply by binding to the genetic material responsible for the same.

Fighting against microbial pathogens: Bacteria as well as viruses are evolving.- getting more resistant to the present- day drugs. In order to increase their stay in the 'Host-cells'most notorious viruses use the strategy of cell mimicry. In Simple terms, it just changes itself in such a way that the drug does not identify and hence, doesn't act on it. Of course, there has to be some mechanism used by viruses to detect the presence of a drug. Nanomedicine can surely give us a way to fool its systems and win over deadly diseases like HIV-AIDS.

Nanotechnology is finding its place in the era of modern science. New fields are being researched everyday for its application. Some of the prominent areas of application in practical world are-

1)Nanomedicine-Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valuable set of research tools and clinically useful devices in the near future.[2][3] The National Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the pharmaceutical industry that may include advanced drug delivery systems, new therapies, and in vivo imaging.

2)Green nanotechnology-

Green nanotechnology has two goals: producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems. It uses existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering[2] to make nanomaterials and nano-products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs wherever possible, and using lifecycle thinking in all design and engineering stages.

3) Energy applications of nanotechnology-

An important subfield of nanotechnology related to energy is nanofabrication. Nanofabrication is the process of designing and creating devices on the nanoscale. Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometers opens many doors for the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy. The inherent level of control that nanofabrication could give scientists and engineers would be critical in providing the capability of solving many of the problems that the world is facing today related to the current generation of energy technologies

.Based on the research made I think that the idea of Green nanotechnology is the most feasible one. With increasing population and an increase in the gravity of environmental problems, it is essential that any new technology that appears to be sustainable is encouraged. When it comes to sustainability, applications of nanotechnolgy can further be segregated into those dealing with production of energy and efficient electrical devices that save energy and management of wastes( by production of ecofriendly polymers).

I would like to emphasize more on the idea of application in energy sector. Special nanoscale materials could make batteries, fuel cells, and photovoltaic cells cheaper, more durable, and more powerful by exploiting the high surface area and quantum properties of existing substances produced as nanoscale particulates and novel materials like carbon nanotubes and quantum dots.

So, after coming across all the ideas, the application of nanotechnology in producing and managing energy seems to be the most feasible one. The option of organ production is innovative, but will always remained confined to patients of organ failure or similar cases. If efficient batteries can be made, it can also improve its use in health care. This proves that the chosen idea has a broader spectrum for application. And is also essential due to the possibility of some 'Global Energy crisis' in the near future.

For many, nanotechnology is viewed as merely a way to make stronger and lighter tennis rackets, baseball bats, hockey sticks, racing bikes, and other athletic equipment. But nanotechnology promises to do so much more. A more realistic view is that it will leave virtually no aspect of life untouched and is expected to be in widespread use by 2020. Mass applications are likely to have great impact particularly in industry, medicine, new computing systems, and sustainability. Here are some underlying trends to look for, many interconnected, and all expected to continue to accelerate.

1. Stronger Materials/Higher Strength Composites

The next generation of graphene and carbon nanotube-based devices will lead to even lighter but stronger structures than has been made possible by carbon fiber and will become increasingly obvious in cars, bicycles, and sporting equipment, says Clint Landrock, chief technology officer of NanoTech Security.

2. Scalability of Production

One big challenge is how to produce nanomaterials that makes them affordable.

3. More Commercialization

Over the next several years, significant advances are expected in carbon nanotube manufacturing technology, specifically in controlling the purity and structure, and in reducing costs due to economies of scale.

4. Sustainability

One main goal of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, a U.S. government program coordinating communication and collaboration for nanotechnology activities, is to find nanotechnology solutions to sustainability.