Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.

A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.

Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority.

Havana

Mexico City

Lima

São Paulo

Buenos Aires

Viceroys / colonial officers

Creoles

Mestizos

Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain

Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.

The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Napoleonic Code

Awakening of feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Restoration of monarchies

New political map of Europe

New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)

The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.

In contrast to continental Europe, the United Kingdom expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.

The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.

Bismarck’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.

The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.