2. Larger isotopes need more neutrons to counteract repulsive forces between protons, explaining why for higher mass isotopes the neutron proton ratio is larger.

Real life applications: solar panels

Control rods are used to absorb excess neutrons to control the rate of the reaction.

smaller nuclei formed are called fission products. they are usually radioactive. long half live means more hazardous due to environmental persistence.

nuclear fission as energy source has lower carbon footprint compared to natural gas, coal etc.

Magnetic field strength B is called flux density, and the equation can be rearranged as B=Φ/(A cos theta). Flux over area = flux density.

In hf = Φ + KEmax, stopping voltage = KEmax.

AC can be represented by a sine wave. Meaning that the direction of the magnetic field and subsequently the flux generated is constantly changing, creating an emf in the loop.

Angular frequency (ω) refers to rate of change of an angle, measured in (rad/s)

Period (T) refers to the time it takes to complete one full cycle (for an oscillating object to return to its original location), measured in seconds.

The three units relate to each other in the following equation:

T (period) = 1/f (frequency) = 2π/ω (angular frequency)

pendulum: in a pendulum in SHM, the period is affected by the length of the pendulum (l) and accelerating from gravity (g). Where T=2π√(l/g)

frequency (f) is the numbers of cycles performed by a wave per second, measured in Hertz (Hz)

wavelength (λ) is the distance between two consecutive corresponding point on a wave, like the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs. Measured in meters (m).

Period (T) is the time required for a wave to complete one full cycle. Like for a sine wave to go from 0 to 2π.

These four quantities relate to each other in the following equation:

v = fλ = λ/T

θ=λ/b

where:

λ = wavelength of incident light

b = slit width.

θ is inversely proportional to slit width (b). The narrower the slit, the wider the angle of diffraction, and vice versa.

i.e.

motion towards/away from the observer: parallel

sideway motion (across the observer's field of view): perpendicular.

This equation describes wavelength shifts due to relative motion along the line of sight.

Change in wavelength is directly proportional to the emitted wavelength.

The image shows the moment of inertia for different objects on different axis of rotation.

The object either remain stationary or in constant angular velocity. The angular acceleration (rate of change of angular velocity) remains zero.

Explain how is this possible.

Hint: 1. What stays constant during refraction and what changes?

2. Think about topic E1 atomic physics and the cause of colour.

Terminal voltage = emf - current * internal resistance.

I = emf/R=12/2R = 6/R

V= IR = (6/R) * R = 6V (option C)

Lorentz transformation: clock measurement at a particular position on the spacetime diagram.