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      <title>Remake of 2+2+1小组帖子 by 赵晨歌</title>
      <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx</link>
      <description>media influence learning</description>
      <language>en-us</language>
      <pubDate>2017-06-13 07:36:15 UTC</pubDate>
      <lastBuildDate>2024-11-21 07:45:39 UTC</lastBuildDate>
      <webMaster>hello@padlet.com</webMaster>
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      <item>
         <title>分割线</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176205534</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>分割线左侧是案例介绍，右侧是观点分享</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 07:41:05 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176205534</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>分割线</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176205864</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>分割线左侧是案例 ，右侧是观点分享</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 07:43:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176205864</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>National Information Infrastructure(NII) P17</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207027</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote> With these capabilities, students in science classes can combine data on local water quality with self-generated video stories about the personal importance of their lake or stream and post these in a national or regional resource base of text, video, and data.</blockquote><div><br></div><div>紧接着，作者举例同学们可以在科学课程和社会研究课程中利用NII的这种媒体的综合能力来进行学习的案例，比如学生们将当地水质数据与自己生成的关于湖泊或溪流个人重要性的视频故事相结合，并将其发布在国家或地区资源库中。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 07:56:02 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207027</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>The goal of the analytic approach P15</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207526</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:00:13 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207526</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>【Thinker Tools 和Jasper 两个项目】p13</title>
         <author>shenxiaolin951106</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207570</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【In summary, the learners in the ThinkerTools&nbsp; project benefited from the use of computers because the capabilities of this medium were employed to provide representations and perform or model operations that were salient to&nbsp; the task and that the learners had difficulty providing for themselves.】<br>(1) ThinkerTools项目中的学习者受益于计算机使用。因为计算机能够被用于提供模拟，执行或模拟对任务显而易见的操作，而这些是学习者难以为自己提供的。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br>【Learners in the Jasper project benefited from the use of television because the capability of the medium was used to present problems embedded in complex social contexts that allowed students to connect<br>&nbsp;their knowledge of solution procedures to realworld-<br>like problem situations.】<br>(2) Jasper项目中的学习者受益于电视的使用。因为电视能够用来呈现发生在复杂的社会环境中的问题，这使得学生能够将解决方案的知识与现实世界相似的问题情境联系起来。<br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:00:45 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207570</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>National Information Infrastructure(NII)p17</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207604</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>The NII will combine telephone, video, and computer technologies into one seamless, interactive digital medium. This network will connect homes, businesses, and schools. An understanding of the way that media capabilities, instructional methods, and cognitive processes interact in complex social situations will allow us to take advantage of these capabilities.</blockquote><div>国家资讯基础建设(NII)将电话，视频和计算机技术结合成一个无缝交互式数字媒体。 这个网络将连接家庭，企业和学校。 了解媒体能力，教学方法和认知过程在复杂的社会环境中相互作用的方式将使我们能够利用这些能力。 <br>这些媒体的综合能力带来的一系列社会情境和流程的途径为设计师提供了强大的新工具，可用于构建设计。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:01:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176207604</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>【ThinkerTools and Jasper 两个项目的实验结果得到的结论】</title>
         <author>shenxiaolin951106</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176208539</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Comment：</div><div>当然，有些学习者，或许是大多数人，无论使用哪种媒介，都可以为自己提供有用的显示和操作，从环境中获取可用的信息。</div><div>然而，当由于有限的现有知识，工作经历的限制或其他原因，学习者难以提供足以进行学习的表示和操作时，他们可能会受益于使用特定媒体的功能来提供或模拟这些显示和操作。<br>从两个案例的结果中可以看到：</div><div>（1）媒介能够为学习者提供有价值的信息，而这些学习者本身没有知识基础，因而能够通过这些媒体来获取有价值的信息，从而解决问题;  </div><div>（2）借助一些媒体比如计算机能够模拟一些学生自身不能实现的操作，这些模拟能够让学生更加真实的理解和学习有关内容。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:09:46 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176208539</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>监测媒体的作用的方法——Analytic and Systemic approaches   P15</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176208744</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Salomon老师在1991年提出来的analytic and systemic approaches. They can be used together to iden- tify causal mechanisms and then to observe how they interact in complex social situations. Related more specifically to media research, the analytic approach and process methodolo- gies can be used to isolate particular media attributes and observe how learners' interac- tions with these influence learning processes. The systemic approach and quantitative or eth- nographic methodologies can be used in class- room situations to examine how these media-related causal mechanisms interact with other mechanisms to influence learning con- jointly。它们能够识别并观察媒体设备是 如何在复杂的社会情境中发挥作用的。分析过程方法能够与更多更清楚的调查媒体，并且单独的分析每一个媒体对于学生学习的贡献以及如何影响学习的。而系统性数据分析方法能够被用于教学环境中来，分析这些媒体是如何相互作用从而影响教学，影响学生学习。系统性数据分析方法是假设每一个事件，每一个元素或班级中的每一个行动都会有可能影响整一个班级。这些因素用独立的方式与其他因素作用，改变某一个因素，都可能通过整个复杂关系网造成巨大的，不可预料的后果。所以我们不能片面的看待一些数据，需要观察每一个相互作用的因素的自然背景来增加额外的有效度，否则就会造成观测错觉。这是一个漫长的过程，所以选好方法才能检测出媒体设备对于学习的帮助，即使只是一小部分的变化也值得记录。<br><br><br></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:11:35 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176208744</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>观点P17</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176209278</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>Traditional models of instructional design do not address the complex interrelationships among media, method, and situation. Perhaps a more productive approach would be to view the design process as a dynamic, creative interaction--or conversation.</blockquote><div>教学设计的传统模式没有解决媒体，方法和学习情境之间复杂的相互关系。也许一个更有成效的教学方法是将设计过程视为一种动态的，创造性的交互或对话。<strong>从作者的这一观点，我们可以看出教学方法和媒体是互动的， 二者是交互式的，动态的，共同影响学习结果。</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:16:10 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176209278</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P17</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176210173</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>The conversation will be different for different users and perhaps for subsequent uses by the same user. From this perspective, the task of the designer is to use the capabilities of the medium to create objects that generate interesting and effective conversations-- ones that influence learning.</blockquote><div>对于不同的用户而言，对话（设计者，媒介和情境间的）是不同的，即使是同一用户，后续使用中这种对话可能也不同于之前的使用。 从这个角度来看，设计者的任务是利用媒介的能力来创建产生有趣和有效的对话的对象 - 影响学习。<strong>媒体是否相关取决于学习情境和使用媒体的方式，学习过程受到媒体认知上相对应特性的影响如媒体技术，符号系统信息处理能力&nbsp;</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 08:25:57 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176210173</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P15 监测方法</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176235752</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Brown教授在1992年描述了她借助混合协调搭配的方法，把大量的报告调查应用于深度分析个别或一组孩子，这种方法用于明确老师扮演的角色，学生的角色，以此循环下去，以及电脑在班级教学环境下对学习的支持。<br><br>White (1993) 在她的ThinkerTools project中用了一系列的调查方法，为了收集结果和转换成数据，她观察了课堂中的小组讨论，检查学生笔记，观察学生在课堂上的表现，然后要求学生当他们在解决问题时的边思考边大声的说出想法。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 12:11:46 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176235752</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>定量数据分析方法   P15</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176237408</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Salomon (1991) suggests the use of quantita- tive methods, such as Guttman's Smallest Space Analysis (Guttman, 1969), to statistically establish the interrelationship among variables such as use of the computer, teacher talk, social interaction among students, perceived self-efficacy, ability, effort, excitement, and achievement. The use of this statistical analysis over time can show the shifting interrelation- ships as an intervention is introduced into the classroom. 定量数据分析可以对学生的学习情况进行分析。当我们拿到一系列的学生学习资料的时候，我们可以通过不间断的分析，然后发现数据之间的联系 ，同时定量数据分析需要从多角度入手，需要建立相互联系的关系网。就比如电脑与学生的互动，老师与学生的互动，学生与社会的互动，通过定量分析能够展现出每个因素的相互转移关系。只有当我们确定好所研究的是哪一个变量，然后控制其他的变量，才能够发现这个变量对于结果的影响，如果不控制变量，我们得到的结果就不知道是哪一个会因素起的作用，造成混淆。所以定量分析是分析方法中一个重要的工具，但是定量分析也有自己的缺陷。<br><br>定量数据分析的改进方法<br>Prolonged observation, interviews, and artifact analysis provide a richness of detail about the social processes within which cognition is embedded. Such details are often missing from quantitative data. 所以我们需要延长观察时间，才能够提供一系列丰富的细节来了解影响学生学习的因素。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-13 12:22:34 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176237408</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>案例：JasperWoodbury系列</title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176422129</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【The Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt University has developed a set of videodisk-based problem situations in mathematics,called the Jasper Woodbury Series (Van Haneghan, Barron, Young, Williams, Vye, &amp; Bransford, 1992; Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1992) P10】<br>Jasper Woodbury系列指的是在vanderbilt大学的认知与技术小组开发的一套应用于数学科目的以磁盘为载体的问题情境。<br>【The set provides teachers and middle school students with real-world contexts for learning complex mathematics problem solving. The videodisk is used to provide rich stories which embed both problems to be solved and data that can be used in the solutions.P10 】<br>这套系列提供以有关帮助解答教师和中学学生遇到的复杂的数学问题的真实情境。视频里面有嵌入有待解决的问题和在解决方法中需要使用的数据。通过设立对照组和实验组（在问题解决过程中有观看woodbury系列的情境视频和接受里面的教学的学生），进行实验。<br>【 while some students in the control group were able to acquire certain solution procedures they were unable to apply these to solve real-world-like problems.P11 】<br>实验结果显示，虽然对照组的一些学生能够获得某些解决方案，但他们无法应用这些解决方案来解决现实世界的问题。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-14 15:36:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176422129</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176422703</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>评价：</strong>在这个案例中，媒体到底对实验结果起了什么作用？要考虑这个问题，我们就必须理解媒体的潜在结构和学习者认知和社交过程的交互机制，而不是仅仅停留在对媒体表面特征的理解。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-14 15:39:41 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176422703</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176480649</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【if we have not forged a relationship between media and learning-this capability may be used primarily for interactive soap operas and on-line purchasing of merchandise with automatic funds transfer.】 P8 PARA.1 LINE9<br><br>“如果我们没有建立媒体和学习之间的关系，媒体的能力可能主要用于交互式肥皂剧和在线购买商品的自动资金转帐。”<br>所以，既然媒体技术在现代生活的渗透面如此广泛，为什么不能将媒体应用到更有价值的教育事业中来呢？诚然，媒体在教育教学中的应用有很多不可避免的失败和错谬，但是在试验的路上总会有错误，不能因噎废食，而应采取积极的态度，调整媒体技术的应用结构，使其更好地与教学融合。<br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 01:28:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176480649</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176481101</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>媒体可作为抽象知识的载体，帮助学生建构新知识</strong></div><div>如下图所示，在这个金字塔模型中，词语符号、视觉符号等学习内容属于抽象经验一类，位于金字塔顶端，也是学生最难理解掌握的知识内容。如果仅是采用传统讲授式教学模式，学生很难实现由抽象的言语知识到抽象的符号知识的平滑过渡转换，但是若在此间将这类抽象的符号转化为解构之后具象的动态视频或图像表达，会在一定程度上帮助学生的知识建构过程。<br><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 01:34:51 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176481101</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176483370</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>一种非传统的多媒体教学软件——动态模拟教学软件<br></strong>所谓的动态模拟技术就是通过科学动态模拟把知识图像以连续动态的直观画面呈现出来，“还原”知识的本来面目，这样，很难“讲”清楚的内容，可能很容易就“看”懂了。动态模拟教学软件最主要的特点就是科学性和交互性。科学性体现在其动态画面的呈现是建立在数学模型实时计算的基础上的，而交互性则体现在可以通过参数调控来控制模型的运动状态。<br><strong>以下是一般教学动画和动态教学软件的对比：</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 01:59:21 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176483370</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>future research on the Jasper project    P16</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176536827</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>搜集关于学生们如何处理和分析问题以及他们如何利用录像去解决问题的数据能够对Jasper的项目进行更深入的调查起到帮助。<br>学生们提出问题的频率和问题种类，他们是否利用录像等媒体去回答这些问题？如果他们没有查看录像，那他们产生的问题是否是来自于先前的观点或基于自己的常识？如果他们应用这些录像的信息，他们用了什么样的信息以及如何搜集的？这些搜集到的信息会影响随后的问题或学生们之间的讨论吗？<br>回答这些能够提供一系列基础的，媒介相关的因果机制的问题和描述他们如何在一系列教育情境下与其他机器互动的不同的问题，能够给我们提供基于实践和理论的信息，更加具有可比性。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 12:06:59 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176536827</guid>
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      <item>
         <title> Medium and method should have a more integral relation- ship (Ross &amp; Morrison, 1989; Winn, 1989; Kozma, 1991). Both are part of the instructional design.     P16</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176541054</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>在一个好的设计里，媒体能够促进方法，方法能够提高媒体的优势。如果要用媒体来帮助学习，那么必须找到合适的方法来搭配媒体运用。媒体应该设计为能够给我们提供更加具有力量的新方法，而我们所用的方法也应该适合媒体的性能优势。它们的关系也可以说是鱼和水的关系，鱼离不开水，没有鱼的水只是一潭死水。媒体如果离开了方法，它只是一个机器，一个好方法能够促进媒体设备的应用，媒体设备的应用也能够检验方法的有效性。在中国，有时候造成了媒体没有起到辅助教学的作用，我认为在很大程度上是因为我们没有用对地方，没有用对方法。就比如高中时，我们在讲解数学难题时，只有老师在黑板上带领我们进行一步一步的解答，我们才能更好的理解解题思路，但是如果放PPT给学生自己看，学生很可能弄不懂思路。当大学进行地理赏析课时，如果老师只是读读课本，读读资料，我们对地理的认识也只会是经纬度，但是如果老师播放录像视频，播放世界各地的美景奇观，我们才能真正进行地理赏析，了解世界不同的地貌特征。所以媒体需要用对方法，我们的教学目的不同，所用的方法也是不一样的。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 12:43:53 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176541054</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P16 在ThinkerTools project 中， White 用符号表示精神意义，专家为他们自己创造的符号，她用这些符号来回应学生的操作，就像专家解释他们时用的精神符号。在 Jasper project中，录像的功能就是播放动态图片，这些动态图片被用于展示复杂的社会情境，这些设备帮助学生将解决策略与问题情境联系起来。</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176545644</link>
         <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-06-15 13:15:07 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176545644</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>The integration of media and method, in turn, with the educational context is also important (De Corte, 1993)  P16</title>
         <author>wuxian12008</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176549520</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>Media will only make a significant contribution to learning in our schools if their application is designed into complex social and cultural environments of learning (Pea, 1992; Newman, Griffin, &amp; Cole, 1989) and made widely accessible, espe- cially to those students most at risk of school failure (Kozma &amp; Croninger, 1992). And media will contribute to school reform only to the extent that these systems are designed around the constraints and tasks that confront teachers and classrooms (Cuban, 1986; Kerr, 1989). 我们所应用的媒体和方法是一体的，但是同时也需要在教学背景下进行设计。我们的主题无论是媒体还是方法，都是基于教学目的进行设计，不能脱离大纲，我们的对象不能搞混。多媒体的信息量大，并且更新迅速，这些信息对学习起到全方位的引导作用，当多媒体和教育方法的结合，使得多媒体教学软件越来越人性化，使得个性化学习在多媒体教学环境中变得更有效果，有利于开发学生的想象力和创造力，毕竟多媒体教学内容具有直观性、新颖性、多样性和趣味性，形象生动，使得主管语言数理分析的大脑左半球抽象思维和主管视角、空间的大脑右半球形象思维相互作用，只要配合适当的方法，能够大大提高教学效果，提高学生学习效率。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 13:29:11 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176549520</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P17</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176550280</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>From an interactionist perspective, the "conversation" between designer, medium, and situation does not stop when the design is "finished."</blockquote><div>从互动主义的角度来看，当设计“完成”时，设计师，媒体和情境之间的“对话”并不会停止。<br><strong>也就是说，互动是存在于整个学习的过程中，而不止是在教学设计那个时刻，整个教与学的过程都是动态变化的，同时也能通过情境的改变，及时进行学习状态的调整，充分发挥互动的优势。</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 13:33:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176550280</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P18</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176551275</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>I believe that if we move from "Do media influence learning?" to "In what ways can we use the capabilities of media to influence learning for particular students, tasks, and situations?" we will both advance the development of our field and contribute to the restructuring of schools and the improvement of education and training.</blockquote><div>如果我们从“媒体影响学习吗”转向 “我们如何利用媒体的能力来影响特定学生，任务和情境的学习” ，我们都将推进这一领域的发展，为学校的重组和改善教育和培训做出贡献。<br><strong>这是文章最后一段话，Kozma并没有对最初争辩的焦点“媒体对学习有没有影响”，而是把重点转移到如何发挥好媒体的作用，利用媒体的能力来提高学习者的学习能力，促进学习质量的提高，这也能让研究人员，设计者不只是把目光放在是否有影响，而是思考怎样设计和利用媒体，对学习产生积极影响。</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 13:39:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176551275</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>我的理解和感受</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176558110</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<ul><li>在教学领域，媒体是一种促进学习的工具，因此我们应该选择合适的媒体，对学习最有帮助的媒体，而不是选择最高科技最“牛”的媒体，只要是能利于学习的，我们都可以发挥出它的功能。当然我们也得承认，利用媒体不当会带来负面作用，但我们不能因为可能产生的负面效果而忽视它远大于缺点的积极影响 。学习者能够通过多种方式来达到学习目标，媒体可能是中间一个良好的催化剂，让这一过程更加有效率。</li><li>Kozma的总体观点是在合适的学习情境中，用正确的合理的教学设计和教学方法，媒体就会对学习产生影响。无论是传统的书本媒介，还是电视，计算机等其他多媒体都能对学习产生影响，这以影响和教学方法，设计者和学生个体之间都是息息相关的，教学方法和媒体间的作用是相互的，共同影响着学习结果，即学习结果受到教学方法和媒体的共同作用。</li></ul><div><br></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-15 14:22:22 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176558110</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>P8</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176749941</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>Learning is not the receptive response to instruction's "delivery." Rather, learning is an active, constructive, cognitive and social process by which the learner strategically manages available  cognitive,  physical,  and  social resources to create new knowledge by interacting with information in the environment and integrating it with information already stored in memory.</blockquote><div>学习不是对教学传递的接受回应，相反地，学习是积极的，建设性的认知和社会过程，通过该过程，学习者可以通过与环境中的信息交互并和已储存的信息整合来策略性地管理可利用的认知，物理和社会资源。<br><strong>这里强调了学习不止是个人或环境的一件事，而是学习者的认知资源和外部环境的相互作用。交互可以利用不同媒体和技术来有效实现，将学习和媒体结合，能充分利用媒体的这一特性促进学习质量的提高。</strong></div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 07:37:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176749941</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>左右脑</title>
         <author>976763283</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176750772</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>媒体以它包含图像，声音的优势能够对右脑的开发起到很好的作用，而右脑开发能够对学生的记忆力、理解力有积极的影响，这也是媒体能够影响学习的有力支撑。</div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="https://padletuploads.blob.core.windows.net/prod/195040167/86c2aad41e692e9d24ac2b825abe259b/69I58PICJXx.jpg" />
         <pubDate>2017-06-18 08:08:54 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176750772</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>P9 案例介绍：use Thinker-Tools to learn Newtonian mechanics</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176750794</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>部分案例选段分析：<br>1、物理学家与学生理解牛顿力学概念的方式上存在差异，物理学家是在现实世界的基础上建构物理概念，然而学生在学习时无法建构实体，因此理解力较差：【Expert physicists examine problem situations and see patterns based on underlying structure】【They <br>do not contain entities that represent formal physical constructs or relationships. Thus, the <br>models that novices form are insufficient to determine a solution to the problem.】<br><br>2、White发明了基于环境学习的电脑“Thinker-Tools”,来解决学生在力学学习中遇到的困难。这种课程将力学概念学习分为四个阶段，第一阶段是学生对给出的几个定律结果进行猜想，第二阶段在电脑上进行模拟力学实验验证该结论，第三阶段由多人小组进行更加复杂的力学实验，第四阶段是讨论得出最符合猜想的定理。【White (1984, 1993) developed a computer based learning environment, called Thinker- Tools, to address learning difficulties that students have in Newtonian mechanics. The curriculum for this microwofld consists of four modules that present progressively sophisticated models of force and motion. Each module incorporates four phases: a motivation phase, a model evolution phase, a formalization phase, and a transfer phase.】【With early modules, students are given alternative laws and they must select the ones that best describe their experience. Students work together in small groups (three to five studentsywith the computer to test the different laws and decide which ones are supported by their results. The groups present their decisions to the class and these are debated. In subsequent modules, stu】<br><br>3、该实验分别在两组学生中进行，一组学生中一部分是未学习过牛顿定理的六年级学生使用Thinker-tools学习，另一部分是未学习过牛顿定理的六年级学生使用传统方法学习；另一组学生中一部分是已学习过牛顿定理的初中生使用传统方法学习，另一部分是已学习过牛顿定理的初中生使Thinker-tools学习。结果两组学生中都是使用Thinker-tools的一方学习效果好，而未学习过牛顿定理直接采取Thinker-tools学习的学生则比已学习过再采用Thinker-tools的学生效果好。【Both the students who used ThinkerTools and the high school students that studied mechanics performed significantly better on the tests than their respective control groups.  However, the students using ThinkerTools both demonstrated significantly greater improvement and scored significantly higher than the high school students who were on the average six years older, had selected themselves into physics, and had been taught about force and motion using traditional methods.】</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 08:10:03 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176750794</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>P10 案例介绍：Use Jasper Woodbury Series to solve &quot;inert knowledge problem&quot;</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176752612</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>部分案例选段分析：<br>1、许多学生在学校里学习的方法策略在现实中遇到问题时不知该如何操作。【In schools, students frequently have difficulty drawing on the knowledge that they have of situations in the real world (Resnick, 1987). Conversely, the knowledge of solution strategies that they acquire in school is frequently stored in ways that are not evoked by problem<br> situations that they encounter outside of school.】<br><br>2、一个科学小组开发了一套基于问题解决的videodisk来解决这一问题，可以模拟一系列复杂的数学问题来让学生解决。【anderbilt University has developed a set of videodisk-based problem situations in mathematics, called the Jasper Woodbury Series (Van Haneghan, Barron, Young, Williams, Vye, &amp; Bransford, 1992; Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1992), that addresses this  problem. The set provides teachers and middle school students with real-world contexts for learning complex mathematics problem solving.】<br><br>3、实验设置了一个对照组，其中一部分学生接受老师的指令与指导解决问题，一部分学生依照Jasper Woodbury Series中提供的情景来解决问题。最后的测试结果是使用Jasper Woodbury Series的学生明显在实际解决问题的过程中比另一部分同学来的好。【Students viewing the episode and receiving  this instruction were compared to a control roup Van Hanenghan, et al., 1992). This second group of students also viewed the boat episode. However, instead of receiving guidance in solving problems as they related to the problem context, they received instruction and practice in solving problems of the sort that Jasper would have to solve (distance, elapsed time, fuel consumption rate, etc.) but structured as word problems without specific reference to the Jasper story that they saw.】【hematical problems, few went on to show how these answers solved the overall problem. That is, while some students in the control group were able to acquire certain solution procedures they were unable to apply these to solve real-world-like problems.】</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 09:06:32 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176752612</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>案例解读：use Thinker-Tools to learn Newtonian mechanics</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176753891</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>从这个Thinker-tools在牛顿定理教学运用中的例子我们可以发现，通过电脑模拟物理实验，让学生从提出假设-验证假设-得出结论的模式来学习定理，更有助于学生理解物理概念的本质。相比于传统的学习方法，更有助于学生学习。而这种模式的转变，本质便是源于媒体技术在教学中的运用，如果没有媒体技术，课堂模式难以做出这样的改变。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 09:44:31 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176753891</guid>
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         <title>Page 8 - &quot;learning is an active, constructive, cognitive and social process&quot;  - P3L3</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176754715</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>在第8页第3段落有这样的观点：</div><blockquote>However, as we have come to understand, learning is not the receptive response to instruction's "delivery." <strong>Rather, learning is an active, constructive, cognitive and social process </strong>by which the learner strategically manages available cognitive, physical, and social resources to create new knowledge by interacting with information in the environment and integrating it with information already stored in memory (Shuell, 1988). From this perspective, knowledge and learning are neither solely a property of the individual or of the environment. Rather,<strong> they are the reciprocal interaction between the learner's cognitive resources and aspects of the external environment (Greeno, 1988; Pea, 1993; Perkins, 1993; Salomon, 1993) and this interaction is strongly influenced by the extent to which internal and external resources fit together (Snow, 1992).   </strong></blockquote><div><br>根据kozma的理论，随着媒体逐渐走近课堂，学生由纯粹的接收者转变为学习的参与者。学习的过程更加主动，也更受外部环境的影响。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 09:51:18 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176754715</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>案例解读：Use Jasper Woodbury Series to solve &quot;inert knowledge problem&quot;</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176755527</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>这个通过一个对照组，明显展示了媒体技术在部分教学上的优势，比如通过Jasper Woodbury Series模拟现实中的数学问题，让学生从问题的角度出发，遇到不同的分支解决不同的问题。相比传统的从结果的角度出发，这样的学习方式更能发散学生的思维，更符合现实中复杂的情况。这种复杂的模拟，是传统教学无法带来的体验。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 10:15:32 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176755527</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>P7Para4L3-In the nottoo-distant future, we wilt be faced with asituation where telephone, cable television,and digital computer technologies will merge.</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176756360</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>在kozma的设想中，未来社会将会有越来越多的媒体结合在一起成为新媒体。从社会发展学的角度看，多媒体进入教学的潮流不可阻挡，就如机器进入工厂一般，随着技术的逐渐发展，终有一天多媒体将成为教学中必不可少的部分。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 10:37:49 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176756360</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>P7Para3L4 - Educational technology is a design science , nota natural science.</title>
         <author>panchenyu0808</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176756757</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<blockquote>Educational technology is a design science (Simon, 1981, Glaser, 1976), not a natural science. The phenomena that we study are the products of our own conceptions and devices. If there is no relationship between media and learning it may be because we have not yet made one. If we do not understand the potential relationship between media and learning, quite likely one will not be made. And finally, if we preclude consideration of a relationship in our theory and research by conceptualizing media as "mere vehicles," we are likely never to understand the potential for such a relationship.</blockquote><div><br>这段原文解释了为什么人们无法找到媒体与教学之间的关系，原因在于教育技术是一门设计科学，并非自然科学，因此，媒体与教学的关系并非自然存在，而是需要人为创造的，只有我们先找到媒体与教学间和谐的关系存在，并对之下定义，才有办法发展这门学科。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-18 10:48:55 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176756757</guid>
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      <item>
         <title>P13【关于研究方法对Clark相关理论的反驳】</title>
         <author>shenxiaolin951106</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176815961</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong><em>Clark：<br></em></strong>【In the past, this has typically been done by conducting experimental studies (of the sort reviewed by Clark) in which an independent variable is isolated by the experimental design and its effect on a dependentvariable is measured. 】<br>即Clark在测量变量之间的影响时是通过进行实验研究完成的，其中通过实验设计分离出一个独立变量，并测量其对因变量的影响。 <br><strong><em>文章的质疑：<br></em></strong>【This approach has resulted in limited understanding of the phenomena,primarily because the cause and the effect were examined but rarely the causal mechanism.】<br>这种做法导致对现象的理解有限，主要是因为原因和影响被测量，但很少考虑因果机制。<br><strong><em>总结：Clark提出的关于变量的研究理论只是侧重于原因、影响或者说结果的测量，并没有考虑到这两者之间的关系，即在原因和影响之间的特殊关系不能缺少考虑。分开检测这样得到的结论并不是正确的。</em></strong></div>]]></description>
         <enclosure url="" />
         <pubDate>2017-06-19 06:19:29 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>P13【关于研究方法对Clark相关理论的反驳】——举例说明</title>
         <author>shenxiaolin951106</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176816766</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【This is similar to examining the effect of a tornado descending on a town by taking photographs before and after the event.These photographs allow us to observe the extent of the damage but not the process by which the damage was wrought. To understand this process we would need to make fine-grained, moment-by-moment observations.】<br>即这类似于在事件发生前后拍摄照片，检查龙卷风对城镇的影响。这些照片允许我们观察损伤的程度，但不能观察损伤的进程。为了了解这个进程，我们需要做出仔细的，时刻的观察。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-19 06:29:16 UTC</pubDate>
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      <item>
         <title>【应用到学习和媒体中得到的结论】</title>
         <author>shenxiaolin951106</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176817227</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>由以上关于Clark对于变量的关系的验证研究方法的讨论，可以看到Clark在研究学习和媒体之间关系时所采用的的具体方法。他的观点是“学习”和“媒体”并无必然相关，媒体并不必然能够改进学习，真正改变学习的是教学中的方法而不是媒体。很显然Clark把“媒体”和“方法”这两个分开来看，然而实际上通过一些案例【上面有提到两个项目】也可以看到媒体与方法之间依旧存在联系的，媒体是方法的载体。<br>在考虑媒体和方法的关系时不应该独立考虑，两者之间存在的关系不能够被忽略，存在最优的一个媒体适合最终的较为优秀的教学方法。因此之前媒体应用过程中没有取得成效的一些案例不能去否定整体的“媒体”和“方法”的关系，没有取得成效说明并不适合，设计教学方法时寻找到合适的媒体最大程度上的教学才是应该考虑到的问题。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-19 06:34:23 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176817227</guid>
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      <item>
         <title></title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176852443</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div><strong>一些与传统讲授法方式相区别的媒体参与的教学法</strong></div><ol><li>探究——发现法：教学准备—&gt;设置情境熟悉任务—&gt;发现问题—&gt;收集资料解决问题—&gt;反馈与评价</li><li>问题教学法：选择问题—&gt;明确问题—&gt;借助信息工具 —&gt;解决问题</li><li>微型教学法：确定要学的技能—&gt;观看技能示范—&gt;角色扮演电视录像—&gt;观看录像，教师分析师生讨论—&gt;进一步练习改进技能</li></ol><div> 注：以上所提到的教学方法中的部分教学环节都需要有媒体的参与。教学方法是策略线索，媒体是辅助工具，不能反客为主。但二者缺一不可，因为它们能够产生一种动态的、创造性的交互或对话。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-19 12:25:12 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176852443</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>案例分析1</title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176857524</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【 The capability of video to present complex, dynamic social contexts and events helped students construct rich, dynamic mental models of these situations. The detailed,dynamic nature of these mental models allows students to draw more inferences than they can from mental models constructed from text or even still pictures 】P12<br>媒体视频能够呈现复杂动态的社会情境和事件的能力能够帮助学生构建与这些情境相关的丰富、动态的心理模型。这些心理模型具体、动态的特性也能允许学生构建更多的参考模型，相比较他们能够从课本甚至是图片中构建的而言。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-19 13:03:56 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176857524</guid>
      </item>
      <item>
         <title>案例分析2</title>
         <author>644210431</author>
         <link>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176858936</link>
         <description><![CDATA[<div>【This capability is very salient to a task domain for which motion is obviously important. It is also salient to novice students whose prior knowledge is either insufficient to create mental&nbsp;<br>models of Newtonian motion】<br>视频媒体的这个能力在一些动作格外重要的动作领域是非常突出的。同时，这个能力在帮助一些先前知识掌握的不是很充分的“新手”学生创建牛顿运动定律的知识心理模型效果是很显著的。<br>&nbsp; 由此可见，对于和动态过程相关的知识模型而言，媒体技术实能在帮助学生建构知识心理模型上“大展手脚”。</div>]]></description>
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         <pubDate>2017-06-19 13:13:48 UTC</pubDate>
         <guid>https://padlet.com/976763283/qf43um6unlwx/wish/176858936</guid>
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