https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs en-us 2021-03-24 17:53:03 UTC 2025-11-09 06:59:02 UTC hello@padlet.com 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349494816 After Linda Brown was denied an equal education in Topeka Kansas, her father petitioned the court, asking that the NAACP represent him against the Topeka Board of Education. Thurgood Marshall quickly took the case, arguing that segregation of schools violated the fourteenth amendment, and did not provide equal protection of the law to black people.]]> 2021-03-24 18:24:54 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349494816 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349501423 Schools had been segregated nationwide under the doctrine set forth by the ruling of Plessy v Ferguson, though by the 1950s and 1960s the NAACP was working on multiple cases challenging school segregation as a violation of the fourteenth amendment. The NAACP was fighting school segregation in Virginia, Delaware and South Carolina, though Brown v. The board of Education in Topeka Kansas went to the supreme court, becoming the final verdict ruling against school segregation.]]> 2021-03-24 18:25:53 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349501423 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349502754 Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark case that set a new precedent that went against the previous policy of "separate but equal" set by Plessy v. Ferguson. After the ruling in Brown v. Board, schools were no longer legally allowed to maintain segregated, leading to school integration. One of the most publicized incident of integration was that of The Little Rock Nine at Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas.]]> 2021-03-24 18:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349502754 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349510785 Millions of people were involved in the advocacy and enactment of the Voting Rights act of 1965. Major leaders advocating for equality included Martin Luther King Jr. and leaders of other organizations such as James Farmer a founder of CORE, Ella Baker a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The NAACP was also one of the most important advocate groups of equality, with notable members including former Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.]]> 2021-03-24 18:27:22 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349510785 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349511444 Most Black Civil Rights Activists used similar methods in order to advocate equality. One of the most important protests bringing black suffrage to the forefront of needed political change was the Selma to Montgomery march, wherein peaceful marchers were met by armed forces, who beat and bloodied many protesters. This act of hate led Lyndon Johnson to redirect his concern towards the voting rights of Black Americans.]]> 2021-03-24 18:27:30 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349511444 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349516080 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into. law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The act dismantled the racist practices used by many states to keep black people from voting, such as literacy tests and poll taxes. As well as this, Johnson sent committees to register voters in majority-minority districts with less than 50% of registered voters.]]> 2021-03-24 18:28:26 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349516080 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349528834 The SCLC along with Martin Luther King Jr. were key players in the passage of the fair housing act. The two organized marches in Chicago in order to bring attention the systemic racism that plagued the housing market, forcing Black Americans into poor quality, low income areas that would be given the racially charged name: Ghettos. The Marches became known as the Chicago Freedom Movement, and led to riots that would be on the national stage, for all the country to see its own injustices.]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:00 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349528834 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349529171 Clarence Mitchell Jr., the Washington director the NAACP and  was a major player in the passage of the Fair Housing Act, and Act that would protect black Americans in housing. Other major civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. would continue to lobby for the Fair Housing Act as well. As for employment, the earlier civil rights act of 1964 granted protection from discrimination based on race, or religion. ]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:05 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349529171 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349529408 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the first action taken to protect minorities from discrimination. Title VII explicitly stated that no person could be discriminated against in public or in the workplace due to race, religion, or ethnicity.
Later on, The Fair Housing Act of 1968 was signed into law to protect black Americans specifically from unfair housing discrimination. The act protected Black Americans from being discriminated against when it came to renting, buying and financing homes.]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:08 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349529408 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349532691 Again, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 protected Americans from being discriminated against because of the color of their skin in public spaces; however many private businesses claimed that they could reserve the right to refuse service to anyone, for any circumstance.
Because many private businesses refused to serve Black Americans, The Heart of Atlanta v. United States case landed in the supreme court, leading to a verdict in favor of the US, stating that public and private businesses must follow the laws set forth by The Civil Rights Act of 1964.]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:49 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349532691 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349532959 Kennedy passed the Civil Rights act of 1964, though some people refused to acknowledge the protections set forth for black people, and continued to enforce segregation. This led to The Heart of Atlanta v. The United States case later in 1964. The case was argued in the supreme court, resulting in a unanimous vote in favor of the United States.]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:52 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349532959 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349533471 Some of the most important and notable protest tactics were used by black civil rights activists. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, Lunch Counter Sit-ins, and the March on Washington are some of the most well known protests for black civil rights.]]> 2021-03-24 18:31:59 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349533471 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538142 After a court ruled Richard and Mildred Loving's marriage invalid, the couple went to the supreme court represented by Bernard Cohen in 1965. The court ruled unanimously in favor of the Lovings, stating that Virginia's law banning interracial marriage was a violation of the couple's fourteenth amendment rights.]]> 2021-03-24 18:32:56 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538142 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538374 Richard and Mildred Loving were the plaintiffs of the landmark case Loving v. Virginia, a case that would recognize interracial marriages as legal. The case was argued by Bernard Cohen in front of the Supreme Court in 1965. ]]> 2021-03-24 18:32:59 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538374 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538771 Interracial marriage was banned in most states, though many interracial couples stayed together despite the social backlash, and the legal pretenses keeping them from marriage. It was not until the ruling of the supreme court case Loving v. Virginia in 1965 that interracial couples were legally allowed tot marry across the country, marking Loving Day, an annual celebration of interracial couples on June 12.]]> 2021-03-24 18:33:04 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349538771 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541364 The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was signed into law by President Kennedy. The law granted women equal pay in the workplace, prohibiting companies from paying women less than male counterparts for equal work. The law was a major stepping stone in women's equality, as more women were able to not only get jobs, but also become slightly more independent.
Title IX of Civil Rights act of 1964 was also an amendment added to specifically prohibit sex-discrimination. The title barred companies from refusing to hire women based off their sex, allowing millions of women to gain more influence in the workplace. ]]> 2021-03-24 18:33:37 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541364 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541579 Esther Peterson, a women's rights activist, was a big advocate for equal pay for women, even submitting a draft of the equal pay act to congress. As well as this, the civil rights act of 1964 signed by Kennedy granted protection from hiring discrimination against women. Women's rights continue to be a stage of activism, with many pioneers in later decades such as Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.]]> 2021-03-24 18:33:39 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541579 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541983 The Second Wave of Feminism throughout the 1960s and 1970s was much more intersectional and focused on the societal constraints of women, rather than things such as the voting rights of women. Women began actively protesting the lack of ability of women tot get jobs, much less equal paying jobs, through marches, rallies and speeches. As for social concerns, many women began advocating the idea of "Taking Back the Night" in order to bring attention the prevalence of violence against women. Women often protested through annual marches and events, and often held vigils for female victims of sexual assault and harassment, domestic assault and often murder.]]> 2021-03-24 18:33:45 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349541983 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349545488 In response to the poor conditions and uncertain outcomes faced by immigrant laborers, Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta formed the United Farm Workers (UFW.) The group advocated better protection of Latin American immigrants. The organization built many union contracts and protection rights for Latin Americans.]]> 2021-03-24 18:34:30 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349545488 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349545832 Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta and Robert F. Kennedy were important figures in the advancement of immigrant and laborer rights, as Chavez and Huerta cofounded the United Farm Workers, and Robert Kennedy acted as their voice in D.C., advocating for better treatment and protection under the law of latin American immigrants.]]> 2021-03-24 18:34:35 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349545832 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349546472 Most immigrant labor reformers took place in both hunger strikes and labor strikes. Many laborers led by and including Cesar Chavez participated in hunger strikes, and many also walked off the job until labor reform was granted.]]> 2021-03-24 18:34:42 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349546472 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549163 The repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy was one of the first major stepping stones for LGBTQ equality and representation during the 21st century. The repeal of the policy allowed members of the military to openly be a member of the LGBQ (not transgender), without fear of discrimination in the form of job loss.
Obergefell v. Hodges was the next major case ruled in favor of LGBTQ rights. The case ruled in favor of James Obergefell, granting all people the right to marry whomever they so choose, regardless of their sex or gender identity. The law was only passed in 2015, and continues to be challenged by many today, often through religious arguments.
Bostock v. Clayton was one of the most recent cases protecting LGBTQ Americans, as the supreme court ruled that Title VII of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 protected people from discrimination based off sexual preference.]]> 2021-03-24 18:35:15 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549163 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549591 The Don't Ask Don't Tell Policy enacted in 1993 discriminated against LGBTQ members of the military, as they were expected to hide their sexuality out of fear of discrimination and intimidation. This policy was later repealed under the Obama administration in 2010. 
James Obergefell was the petitioner of the court in Obergefell v. Hodges, arguing that the court recognize his marriage to his recently deceased husband as legal on death certificates. 
In 2019, Gerald Bostock petitioned the court, stating that being fired for his sexual preference was a violation of his rights under title VII of the Civil Rights Act.]]> 2021-03-24 18:35:20 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549591 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549936 Though protection of LGBTQ rights were not federally granted until thee 21st century, notable protests took place, specifically the Stonewall Riots in 1969, which is noted by most as the start of the LGBTQ Rights Movement.]]> 2021-03-24 18:35:24 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349549936 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349558212 Though the fifteenth amendment granted black suffrage, many states continued to find loopholes such as poll taxes and literacy tests in order to keep black people from voting ]]> 2021-03-24 18:37:01 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349558212 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349566196 Black and LGBTQ Americans were, and still are consistently discriminated against when it came to housing and employment, as many were forced into less desirable areas, leading them to be known as Ghettos. Not only that but many people were fired or not considered for jobs due to the color of their skin or their sexual identity.]]> 2021-03-24 18:38:42 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349566196 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349567052 Though the civil Rights act of 1964 outlawed discrimination of people based on the color of their skin in public places, many businesses refused to accommodate black Americans]]> 2021-03-24 18:38:52 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349567052 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349568295 Interracial relationships were taboo, but interracial marriage was outright illegal in the eUnited Staes. As well as this, LGBTQ relationships were still discriminated against, stripping minorities of their right to marriage.]]> 2021-03-24 18:39:07 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349568295 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349569262 Though the female presence was quickly growing in the workplace, companies continued pay women less than their male counterparts, harass women, and refuse to hire women, despite their qualifications,  because of their sex.]]> 2021-03-24 18:39:17 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349569262 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349569754 Latin American immigrants were the backbone of American agricultural production, though they constantly faced discrimination, deportation, low wages and poor working conditions, due to continued prejudice against immigrants as well as lack of representation in the political sphere.]]> 2021-03-24 18:39:24 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349569754 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349570292 The LGBTQ community continues to face discrimination, and it was only within the past few decades that we have gained distinct and explicit protections and equal rights, including the right to marriage.]]> 2021-03-24 18:39:31 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349570292 20532741 https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349641796 Though Plessy v. Ferguson promoted "Separate but Equal" facilities, public facilities including school were far from equal to that given to white students.]]> 2021-03-24 18:54:40 UTC https://padlet.com/20532741/qccjsn6eg600s2fs/wish/1349641796