AP Biology Module 3 Assignment by Anna Brittain _ Student - CrossroadsFLEX https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg Cell Communication Project en-us 2022-10-26 14:11:37 UTC 2022-10-26 17:30:51 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f60e.png Identify and describe the three stages of the signal transduction pathway. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357368584 The three stages of the signal transduction pathway are reception, transduction, and response. In reception, the chemical signal binds to the cellular protein at the cell membrane's surface. This initiates a series of changes within the cell, known as transduction. During transduction, binding leads to a change in the receptor that triggers a series of changes along the signal transduction pathway. This makes the signal more clear and impactful. Finally, in response, the transduced signal triggers a specific cellular activity. This is the final product of receiving the cell's message. ]]> 2022-10-26 14:16:23 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357368584 Differentiate between the types of local and long distance signaling. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357379804 Local signaling and long-distance signaling differ in the distance that their signal molecule has to travel to the target cell. In local signaling, cells communicate through direct contact or cell-cell recognition. This usually takes place through cell junctions, specifically tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes. Long-distance signaling requires the signal molecule to travel to a separate environment in order to reach the target cell. Long-distance signaling usually involves a hormone traveling through the bloodstream. Signal molecules, otherwise known as ligands, utilize the endocrine system and bind to receptor proteins on the target cell's surface. ]]> 2022-10-26 14:21:53 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357379804 Explain why a specific signal can elicit a different response or no response at all from different cell types. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357382216 Because of the specialization of cells, different cell types respond to specific chemical signals in different ways. For example, the well-known neurotransmitter/hormone epinephrine activates the circulatory system by increasing heart rate. However, when received by cells in the urinary system, it inhibits the release of waste products. In this scenario, the heart rate increase and water release decrease are both necessary components of the fight and flight response that epinephrine causes. ]]> 2022-10-26 14:23:05 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357382216 Define the term ligand. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357386300 A ligand is any molecule or atom that irreversibly binds to a receiving protein molecule, otherwise known as a receptor. Ligands are detected and received by protein receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. 

]]> 2022-10-26 14:24:56 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357386300 Which receptor mechanism is especially good for triggering several pathways at once? How can this mechanism do this? abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357544445 Tyrosine-kinase receptors can activate up to 10 signal transduction pathways at once. Protein activation through Tyrosine-kinase receptors involved adding a phosphate group to the end of a polypeptide chain in order to activate it. Once the protein has been activated, it has the ability to activate other proteins by binding to them and sharing a phosphate. ]]> 2022-10-26 15:50:31 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357544445 What is meant by the term transduction? abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357551595 Transduction refers to the sequence of changes unleashed in the signal-transduction pathway as a result of reception. During transduction, signal molecules change structure and function in order to amplify and speed up the signal transmission. ]]> 2022-10-26 15:54:45 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357551595 Explain a phosphorylation cascade. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357700239 Phosphorylation is the activation of proteins by adding a phosphate from ATP to the polypeptide chain. Once one protein has been phosphorylated, it can activate other proteins by bonding at the phosphate. The positive feedback reaction that occurs during phosphorylation increases the rate at which proteins are activated. This is known as a phosphorylation cascade. ]]> 2022-10-26 17:23:08 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357700239 Research type II diabetes and explain the disorder in terms of signal transduction pathways. abbrittain https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357715732 Insulin signaling is impaired with Type 2 Diabetes. Insulin signaling uses tyrosine-kinase receptors and utilizes phosphorylation. In people with Type 2 Diabetes, however, the reversal enzyme, tyrosine phosphatases, inhibits phosphorylation and prevents the insulin signaling. This decreases the amount of insulin released into the bloodstream and worsens the effect of glucose spikes. ]]> 2022-10-26 17:30:51 UTC https://padlet.com/abbrittain/qba2tll0fkp6unbg/wish/2357715732