1st Semester Review Project: Arianna Ghose, Brant Chung, Wesley Kron, Julie Zhu by Julie Zhu

Islamic Heartlands (1450-1750)

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Song Dynasty in decline by 1200

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It was no longer able to fend off the nomadic peoples of the north and the government was ripe with corruption.

Yuan Regime in 1271

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Kubilai Khan defeats the Song Dynasty and establishes Yuan Regime

Africa (1200-1450)

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Europe (1200-1450)

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Europe (1450-1750)

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South and Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

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Kublai Khan’s assault on Japan in 1274 and 1281

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Failed due to two typhoons that destroyed the majority of his fleet both times. The Japanese hailed these typhoons as “divine wind” or kamikaze.

The Americas (1200-1450)

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Islamic Heartlands (1200-1450)

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Yuan Dynasty from 1279-1368

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Kubilai tried to combine Mongol culture and lifestyle with Chinese. He also developed many of the Chineses’ existing bureaucratic systems, something the Mongols did not have.

In 1597, Japan begins their isolation policy.

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This was the policy in the Tokugawa shogunate by ruler Tokugawa Ieyasu, that severely limited Japan's relations and trade with other countries.

Fall of the Yuan in 1368

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Yuan House fell as a result of growing disdain for Mongol rule; White Lotus Society dedicated to overthrowing Yuan Regime; Zhu Yuanzhang was the founder of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).

The Americas (1450-1750)

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East Asia (1450-1750)

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Africa (1450-1750)

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In 1614, Catholicism was banned in Japan.

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The Tokugawa shogunate decided to ban Catholicism in and during the mid-1600s century ordered for the removal of all European missionaries and the execution of all catholic converts.

Japanese Developments in the 1300's

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Weakening of Japanese Royal family led to increase in power of Samurais;

Gempei Wars between Taira and Minamoto Families; 1185 Bukafu (Military government) was set up by Minamoto; Early 1300s Ashikaga Shogunate overtakes this government and rules 1336-1573.

1405-1433, explorer Zheng He’s expeditions occured.

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The Chinese explorer Zheng He commanded the largest and most technologically advanced fleet in the world for his expeditions to the states of Southeast Asia, the Indian coastline, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the East coast of Africa.

In 1453, Mehmed the conqueror of the Ottoman Empire took Constantinople.

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Mehmed II, ruling from 1451 to 1481, took down the city's Theodosian walls with their siege cannons and finally captured Constantinople.

Byzantine Empire

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Byzantium was a long-lasting empire that was dwindling in power, strength and territory control by 1200.

Great Schism 1054; Christian/Latin community in Rome and Orthodox Community centered in Byzantium split; the relationship would never recover

In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire's long life.

The Abbasids Decline in 1258

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A diverse society that tore itself apart, and was reduced to puppets by Turkish overlords Capturing compliant cities and sacking those that resisted, the Mongols chipped away at the empire's eastern frontiers, and by 1258 had reached the once-formidable walls of Baghdad.

South and Southeast Asia (1450-1750)

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In 1644, the Ming dynasty collapsed.

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The Ming dynasty was already in a weak state because of it's mass amount of peasant uprisings. However, the mark of the fall of the great empire was the invasion of the nomadic Manchu people of the Qing dynasty.

Russia/East Europe

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After the Great Schism, Russia followed a Byzantine-style bureaucracy. The greatest Russian leader of the time, Vladimir I, compelled his subjects to become Christian.

During this period Russia/East Europe was pummeled with Mongol attacks.

Western Europe

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Western European nations gained strength as Byzantium weakened; Developments in farming methods and lifestyle improvements helped.

Monarchies tried to reign in power of the pope and became more centralized
Hundreds Years War from 1337-1453 ended with France defeating the English.
Social Systems remained feudal; Serfdom was common;
Capitalism grew during this period
Bubonic Plague shook up social structures to give workers more power against employers; Family patterns changed as extended generations within families became less common

In 1582, Akbar of the Mughal Empire created a new religion: Din-i-Ilahi

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Din-i-Ilahi, (translates to "Religion of God") was a blend between Islam and Hinduism. The religion aimed to promote religious tolerance between Muslims and Hindus, though it failed.

1219-1223: Peace and Turkish Pressure

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In this era, the Abbasid caliphate that started after the 18th century following the decline of the yuan dynasty, covered most of the Islamic heartlands and was very tolerant of other ethnicities (People of the book).

East Asia (1200-1450)

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In 1501, the Safavid Empire was established by Shah Ismail

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Ismail I was the first shah of the Safavid Empire and ruled from 1501 to 1524. The Safavid Empire was a Shi'a Muslim empire that originated in Persia.

In 1565, Miguel López de Legazpi established the first permanent Spanish settlement in Cebu, Philippines.

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Miguel López de Legazpi was a spanish conquistador sent by King Phillip II of Spain. There, he established the first Spanish settlement in Asia, at the city of Cebu in the Philippines.

In 1514, the battle of Chaldiran between Safavids and Ottomans occurred, resulting in an Ottoman victory

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The Battle of Chaldiran was a battle between the Shi'a Safavid Empire and the Sunni Ottoman Empire, two of the dominant forces in the Muslim world at the time. The Ottoman Empire emerged victorious and ended the Safavid expansion into the west.

Mongol control after 1258

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Hulegu, another grandson of Chinggis Khan and the ruler of the Ilkhan portions of the Mongol empire captured the capital at Baghdad. In 1260, armies from Africa called the Mamluks pushed the overextended Mongols out of the Abbasid empire, slowly pushing Mongol rule out the Islamic Heartlands.

Vietnam

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Tran Dynasty comes to power, ruling frmo 1225-1400. They resist Kubilai’s efforts of invading Vietnam with guerilla tactics, eventually agreeing to pay tribute

Indian Subcontinent

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The Islamic rulers that took over India tried to convert Indians to Islam. Buddhism was a big target for raids and many Buddhists converted to Islam during this time. Despite this, Hindu remained strong.

By 1450, a large Muslim community was built, but the population of India remained overwhelmingly Hindu.

In 1526, the Mughal Empire is established by Babur

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The Mughal Empire was established in India in 1526 after the sultan Babur's victory over the Lodis empire.

In 1492, the first Spanish colony in the New World was established in Hispaniola

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Columbus founded Isabela at Hispaniola in the western Caribbean.

In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed

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The Treaty of Tordesillas involved the splitting of newly explored lands in the New World between Brazil and Portugal.

Central America

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Toltec decline after 1150; populations center shifted to Central Mexico

(1300-1521) Aztec empire began (Chains of lakes and basins) where they adopted smaller cultures and made political alliances.

Tenochtitlan was founded about 1325 and made allienced with other powerful city states in 1434.
Aztec culture society has become strong and state organized by the time of Moctezuma II (1502-1520)

From 1530 to 1540, and from 1555 to 1556, Humayan ruled the Mughal Empire in India.

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Humayan, Babur's soon, ruled the Mughal Empire from 1530 to 1540 until he was expelled from India and fleed to Persia. In 1555, Humayan restored Mughal rule in India and ruled until his death in 1556.

In 1556, Akbar was proclaimed shah of the Mughal Empire

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At just 13 years of age, Akbar, Humayan's son, was proclaimed shah of the Mughal Empire after the previous sultan's death.

In 1497, the British initiated their first exploration to North America

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King Henry VII of England sponsored an expedition to the New World that was led by Italian navigator and explorer, John Cabot.

1571-1629, reign of Abbas the Great of the Safavid empire

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Abbas I, or Abbas the Great, was the fifth shah of the Safavid Empire and made extensive use of the slave youth captured in Russia for Safavid armies

In 1503, the first Encomienda systems were established

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These systems were established by Columbus. They forced the indigenous people inhabiting the lands of the New World to pay tribute in gold. If not, they were brutally beaten and punished.

Christian Kingdoms

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Nubia and Ethiopia were Christian states in North Africa that resisted pressure from Muslim neighbors all throughout the 13th and 14th centuries. They remained important Christian outposts in Africa.

In 1722, the Safavid Empire fell to Afghani tribes

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In 1722, the Safavid Empire was defeated by invading Afghans. The empire had already been weakened by an incapable ruler as all possible successors of Abbas the Great were either killed, blinded, or left in isolation and easily manipulated by government officials.

1291: Last crusader stronghold falls

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After 200 hundred years of the Crusaders' attacks to regain their holy lands, the last stronghold at Acre finally fell. Crusader's attacks introduced new ideas to the areas but did not change the overall culture.

In 1529, the Hacienda system was established

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These systems were established in the New World by Spain. They served as a way to rewards conquistadors of nobles as they kept the people working on the land in debt trapping them into working on that land under the hacendado, who got rich off of them.

Sudanic Kingdoms

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The Kingdoms of Mali, Ghana, Songhay and Hausa States were African adaptations of Islam.

Trade and resource exchange zones helped the kingdoms of West Africa trade and interact with Mediterranean North Africa. The Sahel, an extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara became the point of exchange. Trading cities were built throughout these kingdoms as well.
Cities like Timbuktu and Djenne flourished as commercial towns. Despite this, farm life, which 80% of citizens lived, was still difficult.

Bubonic plague in 1340s

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Traveling on the back of the horses of the Mongol Khanates soldiers, fleas carrying the bubonic plague-infected and killed over 50% of the population in the Islamic Heartlands

In 1736, Nadir Khan Afshar proclaimed himself shah of the Safavid Empire following its fall

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After the fall of the Safavid Empire, the soldier-adventurer Nadir Khan Afshar proclaimed himself shah, though his rule was short-lived

1658-1707, rule of Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire

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Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal leader. His rule was characterized by an emphasis on expansions, little to no focus on administration, reform, and the increasing internal revolts, which severely weakened the empire and led to its final decline.

In 1492, the Spanish ship captained by Christopher Columbus reached the Caribbean

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In trying to find a new route to India, China, and Japan, Columbus reached the Bahamas in the Caribbean, in the New World. This was the first known Spanish contact with the Americas.

Swahili Coast

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The cities of East Africa were seen as an extension of the Middle Eastern hub, perfectly integrated into international trade routes.

Ibn Battuta observed Eastern African trade ports, describing their beauty and refinement that did not exist anywhere else.

In the early 1500s, the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade occurred

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The Portuguese, were the first to buy slaves from the West African slave traders and transport them across the Atlantic to the New World. Due to the increasing demand for labor on plantations in the colonies in America, Europeans began trading firearms and other manufactured products in Africa for slaves, shipping them to the Americas through the Middle Passage which had devastating effects.

In 1468, Sonni Ali captured Timbuktu from the Tuareg

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Sonni Ali, the leader of the Songhay Empire, captured Timbuktu from the Tuareg's possession and this marked the defeat of the Mali Empire.

Yoruba and Benin

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These were large states with smaller city-states within, holding regional kings with great power.

Overall, African societies were very diverse. Each city-state had varied agriculture combined with herding, remaining mostly agrarian. They were also preliterate and transmitted knowledge, skills and traditions with oral methods.

Incas

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In 1591, the Songhay Empire is defeated by a Moroccan invasion

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The goal of the Moroccans was to gain control and revive the Trans-Saharan trade considering the goods of salt and gold. The Songhay military consisted of professional soldiers, but the military was too far behind in technology and modern military ways. It finally fell to the Moroccans and their firearms.

By the 1500s, Nicolaus Copernicus had proved that the sun was at the center of the earth

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The findings of Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus began the European Scientific Revolution.

Aztecs

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South-East Asia

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Shrivijaya was a trading empire in the Malacca straits and northeast of Sumatra, active in maritime trade in the Indian Ocean. They were devout Bhuddhists, slowing down the spread of Islam in this area. However, the fall of Shrivijaya in the early 1200s led to increased incentive for the establishment of Muslim trading centers.
The links and ports within Southeast Asia helped Islam spread, as merchants and sailors spread the religion.

In 1517, Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses in Eisleben, Germany

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Martin Luther, often regarded as the catalyst of the Protestant Reformation, posted the 95 Theses on October 31st, 1517, listing all his opinions of the corrupt Catholic church.

In 1652, Dutch Boers came into direct contact with the Bantu farmers of South Africa

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This was because of the Dutch East India Company that wanted to create a shipping station on the Cape of Good Hope. They made Jan van Riebeeck in charge of the expedition.

1618-1648, Thirty Years’ War in Germany between German Protestants and the Holy Roman emperor; ended in Treaty of Westphalia

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The Thirty Years' War was a battle between the German protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman Emperor, backed by Spain. It ended in the Treaty of Westphalia, granting individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to have the freedom to choose their own religion.

1640-1660, English Civil War between different branches of Christianity in Britain

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Religious wars such as the English Civil War were common in Europe during the Protestant and later Catholic reformation. The English Civil War ended granting religious toleration to Protestants but not fully to Catholics.

In the 1400s, many technological innovations (mostly borrowed and improved upon from other countries) occurred in Europe.

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There were developments and improvements in European ships (i.e. Portuguese caravel), navigational devices (compass, map, etc.) borrowed from other nations, introduction of explosives, and improving metalwork.

1543-1687: Scientific Revolution

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The Scientific Revolution, roughly taking place between the 16th and 17th centuries, was a period of changes and improvements made in European mathematics and science that replaced the previous outdated Greek thinkings.

Around 1600, microscopes and improved telescopes were invented

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Microscopes were invented in around 1590, while in 1609, Galileo Galilei created his telescope and also came up with many other scientific discoveries in Italy.

In 1687, Isaac Newton published Principia Mathematica and defined forces of motion and gravity

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Isaac Newton was an English scientist commonly regarded as one of the most influential figures of the European Scientific Revolution. Along with defining the forces of motion and gravity, Newton also stated the basic scientific method.

In 1498, Vasco da Gama became the first European to reach India by sea

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Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and reached India on May 20, 1498, becoming the first European to do so by sea.

In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral accidentally landed on the Brazilian shore

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Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral is credited to be the first European to reach Brazil by sea. Cabral's fleet was destined for India but accidentally landed in Brazil due to unpredicted currents.

In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan’s crew from Spain made the first trip around the world

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Though Magellan himself was killed in the Philippines, his crew continued to complete the world's first recorded circumnavigation.

Around 1700, the potato was introduced into Europe

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The potato, originally a New World crop, was introduced into Europe around 1700, sparking major population growth.

In 1807, British slave trade was abolished

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From 1807 onward, British slave trade became illegal, though slavery itself continued in Britain's colonies.

In 1519, Aztec Empire defeated by Hernan Cortez; Tenochtitlan captured and replaced by Mexico City

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In 1519, Hernan Cortez led an expedition that defeated the Aztec Empire. The last Aztec emperor, Moctezuma II, was killed. Mexico City was built on the ruins of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

In 1532, Francisco Pizarro captured and defeated the Inca Empire

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Francisco Pizarro's expeditions eventually reached the Inca Empire, which was already weakened by civil strife. With the help of the Native allies Pizarro and his crew made on the way, they were able to defeat the Inca empire.

In 1462, Russia is freed from Mongol control by Ivan III

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Under Ivan III, or Ivan the Great, Russia gained freedom from Mongol (Tartar) control.

In 1571, the Spanish navy defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Lepanto

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The Battle of Lepanto was a naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire. The Spanish victory at the Battle of Lepanto indicated a Muslim decline in power.

1604-1613, Time of Troubles in Russia after Ivan IV died without an heir

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The Time of Troubles was a time where nobles competed with each other for power. Eventually, a member of the Romanov family, Michael, was elected as tsar. The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia for many centuries to come.

1702-1713, War of the Spanish Succession that resulted in the succession of the Bourbon family

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The War of the Spanish Succession occurred after Charles II died without an heir. Philip of Anjou, a member of the Bourbon family who had ties to the king of France, was named successor. The result of this was the grant of some commercial rights to French and English merchants.

1756-1763, Seven Years’ War resulting in Britain’s victory; granted French colonies to Britain decided by Treaty of Paris

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The Seven Years' War began as territorial dispute between Great Britain and France. It was fought in Europe, the Americas, and India. The war resulted in some territorial gains for Britain in the American colonies.

In 1481, the Portuguese established a factory at El Mina

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After reaching the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese established factories in Africa, with the most important factory being El Mina.

1451-1481, was the reign of Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire

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The second Ottoman sultan following the reign of Osman Gazi's reign was for approximately 30 years. He was also mainly known as Mehmed the Conqueror, because of the high amounts of expansion he initiated during his reign. He also was the sultan to conquer Constantinople of Byzantium. With his authority, the Ottoman empire reached the Balkans and much of Central Asia.

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A nomadic tribe claimed to see god Huitzilopochtli in their dreams. The leader of the nomadic tribe was told by Huitzilopochtli that when they see an eagle, perched on a cactus, with a snake in it's mouth, they must settle where they found that. The tribe found the eagle in 1325, and settled there. This marked the start of the great city of Tenochtitlan.

During about 1428-1440, during Itzcóatl's reign, the alliance between Tenochtitlán and the nearby states of Texcoco and Tlacopan are formed. This alliance was significant because it game the Aztecs the power to have authority over most of Central Mexico.

From 1486-1502, marked Ahuitzotl's reign in the Aztec Empire

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Just in the following year of his reign, he founded a new temple in which as many as 20,000 captives were scarified to the gods at the altar. Aztec nobles as well as Ahuitzotl would rip the hearts of the prisoners out as they lined up.

From 1502-1520 was the reign of Moctezuma II

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The successor to Ahuitzotl, as his nephew was Moctezuma II. Under his authority, the Aztec empire reached it's peak size, expanding into territories of Honduras and Nicaragua.

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The Incan capital at Cuzco was established around the year 1200. It was the religious and administrative capital of the Inca Empire. This city flourished in Peru between 1400-1534. The Incas held territory from Quito to Santiago, which made the Incan empire one of the largest in America.
In 1438 to 1471, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was made the ninth sapa inca or incan leader. Under his rule he expanded the Incan empire incredibly. He had many achievements, including the creation of the Incan road systems, food storage facilities, and helping the Incan empire advance as a whole. He also created Machu Picchu, a mountain citadel in the Andes mountains of Peru.