https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm Made with charisma en-us 2017-10-20 15:52:05 UTC 2026-03-21 20:04:03 UTC hello@padlet.com fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/199113381 embryological development: Porifera do not produce zygotes that go through embryonic development to produce tissues, they only have a limited set of thee types of specialized cells with a few patterns of association. Their body plan consists of a middle layer of non-living skeletal tissue sandwiched between two layers of cells arranged with interior canal for water flow through the tube. They do not produce germ layers that develop into tissues and tissue systems in an organized body plan around a body axis. The most complex sponges have branching internal canals to increase the surface area in a nonsymmetric pattern. 
characteristics: commonly called sponges, multi-cellular organisms which are sessile/sedentary in nature, most of them are marine while a few are fresh water forms
major groups within phyla: calcarea, hexactinellida, demospongiae 
distinction of how groups are different: various shapes, based on their main axis and number of rays such as monaxons: single axis growing in one or more directions, skeleton make up 
anatomical characteristics:  radial symmetry, body wall is diploblastic which consists of an outer layer called pinacoderm and an inner layer called choanoderm, the middle layer is called mesenchyme which has various kinds of wandering amoebocytes
important life cycles: reproduction cycle is important. are hermaphroditic, function as female or male for reproduction. can produce eggs and sperm at different points in life time. an adult sponge has two choices on how offspring can be produced, asexually or sexually. ]]> 2017-10-20 15:52:19 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/199113381 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/199113554 embryological development: show presence of two membrane layers in the body that are derived from the endoderm and ectoderm of the embryo. They are diploblastic meaning they have two embryonic germ layers (the endo and ectoderm). 
characteristics: contain specialized cells known as cnidocytes (stinging cells) which contain organelles called nematocysts (stingers). these cells are present around the mouth and tentacles, serving to immobilize prey with toxins contained within the cells. 
major groups within phyla: anthozoa, cubozoa, hydrozoa, scyphozoa 
distinction of how groups are different: some include corals, anemones, sea pens, box jellies with complex eyes, diverse groups with siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, and true jellyfish 
anatomical characteristics: radial symmetry, have tentacles, body contains a gastrovascular cavity and the body wall is diploblastic 
important life cycles: different groups have different reproduction details. as a whole they have two body forms, the polyp medusa. Polyp form is usually anchored to the substrate with the mouth facing upwards. Medusa individuals are free-swimming with the mouth facing downwards 

]]> 2017-10-20 15:52:41 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/199113554 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572372 Embryological Development: fertilization is internal, sperms penetrate the body wall into the pseudocoel to fuse with ova. few rotifers have copulatory apparatus and so copulate. if not fertilized they develop parthenogenetically into males, if fertilized they become thick walled and diploid dormant resting or winter eggs 
Characteristics: divided into four sections - head, neck, body, and foot. the jaws are called trophi, found inside the throat behind mouth entrance - break down edible material in the water as it funnels through the body 
Major Groups within Phyla: seisonidea, bdelloidea, monogonota 
Distinction of how groups are different: largest group is monogonota with about 350 species 
Anatomical characteristics: bilaterally symmetrical; extremely variable, slender, broad, flattened, or spherical, usually microscopic 
Important life cycles: inability to reproduce is one of its most interesting characteristics - the cells of most animals divide at regular intervals to make up for dying cells. this process is essential for long term health of humans and most animals. cells of rotifera grow larger as the organism ages, but they don't increase in number. females are larger than males and are able to reproduce asexually without the help of a mate ]]> 2017-11-01 15:53:53 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572372 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572465 embryological development: developed mechanisms to engulf the external yolk cells into the developing embryo, usually by forming one or more temporary epidermises, or hull membranes. juveniles develop from an embryonic blastema with the ventral side facing outwards, as observed in macrostomids.  
characteristics: acoelomate - no body cavity; triploblastic - has three tissue layers; bilaterally symmetric - symmetric right and left sides usually definite head, and have organ systems
major groups within phyla: turbellaria, tramatoda, monogenea, and cestoda
distinction of how groups are different: some are human paraistes, endoparasites found in bile ducts of sheep, goats, and cattle, or parasites that infect various animals including man a
anatomical characteristics: 
important life cycles: life cycles may be direct or have 1-3 intermediate hosts. auto-infection is possible for some species. adults are usually parasites of vertebrate animals, while larval forms may be free-living or infect vertebrates or invertebrates. some parasitic larval forms are capable of asexual proliferation ]]> 2017-11-01 15:54:02 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572465 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572539 embryological development: loose arrangement of primary circular and longitudinal muscles encloses the whole embryo. circular muscles differentiate in an anterior-posterior progression creating a segmental pattern. the development begins with one pair of prominent longitudinal muscles differentiating ventrally along the right and left germ band. these muscles provide a guiding structure for the parallel organization of the afterwards differentiating longitudinal musculature
characteristics: coelom - often used as a storage area for gametes and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton for locomotion. generally organized as a series of compartments divided by intersegmnetal septa
major groups within phyla: polychaeta, oligochaeta, and hirudinea
distinction of how groups are different: different anatomical features - marine or land
anatomical characteristics: bilaterally symmetrical, coelom - fluid filled cavities between the outer body wall and gut, parapodia, nervous system, sensory organs, circulation and respiratory structures, and segmental organs
important life cycles: some produce asexually and others produce sexually - some do both. when reproducing asexually they do it by dividing themselves into two or more pieces, otherwise they have sex with a member of the opposite sex even though they all have both reproductive systems. many annelids have both the female reproductive system and male reproductive system, or they change throughout their life ]]> 2017-11-01 15:54:08 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572539 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572592 Embryological Development: 
- Are protostomes, mouths first. The small opening into the embryonic ball of cells that appears early in animal development is called blastopore. This becomes the mouth, and the anus appears later on the opposite side. They develop by spiral cleavage, and their embryonic cells are determinate, the fate of the embryonic cells is fixed early on in development. 
Characteristics: 
- Mostly marine but many occur in fresh water and some even in damp soil. The sexes are generally separate but some are hermaphrodite. 
Major Groups within Phyla: 
- Monoplacophora: shell is spoon or cup shaped (neopilina) 
- Amphineura: present non-ganglionated nerve ring around mouth with two pairs of interconnected nerve cord (chaetopleura) 
- Scaphopoda: shell is tubular and open at both ends (dentalium) 
- Gastropoda: shell is made up of one piece (Umax, Pila, Helix) 
- Pelecypoda/Bivalvia: mude of of two halves (Unio, Mytilus, Solen)
- Cephalopoda: head and foot region combined (Sepia, Loligo, octopus) 
Distinction of how Groups are different: 
- groups are different due to anatomical features. Some groups have shells that are one shell and other groups have two halve shells. 
Anatomical Characteristics: 
- unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. Bilateral symmetry however in Pila, due to torsion, the adults become asymmetrical. They have complete digestive tracts. 
Important Life Cycles within groups: varies among species, that of most squid follows a similar pattern. female squid spawn, leaving fertilized eggs in water. depending upon environmental conditions, the eggs hatch within about two weeks]]> 2017-11-01 15:54:14 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572592 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572643 embryological development: in the embryonic development of some arthropods the fusion of metameres takes place, forming structures such as the cephalothorax of arachnids 
characteristics: triploblastic- have three germ layers and are coelomate organisms. they are evolutionarily closer to annelids, as they have segmented bodies.  
major groups within phyla: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, onychophorans, diplopods, chiopods 
distinction of how groups are different: some are marine and some are on land 
anatomical characteristics: exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages, bilateral symmetry, open circulatory system 
important life cycles: proceed from an egg, through larval and/or nymphal stages, to the adult. larval applies to stages in which major morphological changes occur, and these stages are often fixed in number. "nymph" applies to stages which change in little other than size between molts and are usually indeterminate in number ]]> 2017-11-01 15:54:19 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572643 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572716 embryological development: have a development that is quite different from other animals. asexual reproduction usually involves the divsion of the body into two or parts and the regeneration of missing body parts. fragmentation is a common method of reproduction 
characteristics: rich fossil history and are well represented by many bizarre groups, most of which are now extinct
major groups within phyla: crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, asteroidea, ophiuroidea, and concentricycloidea 
distinction of how groups are different: different build such as sea lilies, feather stars, sea stars
anatomical characteristics: are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but metamorphose to radially symmetrical adults. hard, spiny covering or skin, internal skeleton, water vascular system derived from coelom 
Important life cycles: in most species sexes are separate. although reproduction is usually sexual, involving fertilization of eggs by spermatozoa, several species of sea cucumbers, starfishes, and brittle stars can also reproduce asexually ]]> 2017-11-01 15:54:26 UTC https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572716 fpshaw18 https://padlet.com/fpshaw18/q9bh9fxg3ijm/wish/202572762 Embryological development: embryonic growth depends directly on mitosis. through this type of cell division, the zygote divides, producing a series of cells that also compose differentiated tissues and organs via mitosis until the formation of a complete individual. four initial stages are the morula, blastula, gastrula, and neurula stages 
characteristics: notochord - flexible rod-like structure that forms the main support of the body in the lowest chordates (primitive spine); nerve cord - dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissues above the notochord of a chordate; pharyngeal slit - filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates and hemichordates living in aquatic environments 
major groups within phyla: reptilia, amphibia, chondrichthyes, agnatha, mammalia 
distinction of how groups are different: different locations of life; some are scaly, amphibians "two lives", different skeleton (some are made up of cartilage), some are warm blooded, and some are jawless 
anatomical characteristics: have four key characteristics - notochord, pharyngeal slit, nerve cord, and the post anal tail  
Important life cycles: begins with fertilization. in its primitive form, fertilization occurs externally in the water. asexual reproduction takes place in tunicates and in some vertebrates (female of some fish and lizards can reproduce without fertilization)

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