Group 1: Flow Chart - Visual Sense by AGUSTIN PAJARILLAGA https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k en-us 2022-10-04 11:47:27 UTC 2022-10-17 00:50:08 UTC hello@padlet.com SCENARIO pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331251858 Jennie went to Nurse Rose for her pupillary assessment, which usually takes place in a dark or dimly light room. Her pupils were initially 6 millimeters in size but constricted to 3 millimeters when they were exposed to Rose’s penlight. Jennie asked why this phenomenon occurred and Nurse Rose explained to her that her pupils dilate and constrict to control the amount of light that enters the eye.]]> 2022-10-07 16:26:01 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331251858 REACTION OF THE PUPIL pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331296672 The iris, which usually ranges from 2 - 8 millimeters in diameter depending on the amount of light in the environment, plays a vital role in our ability to see by controlling the amount of light that enters the pupil by using special muscles. ]]> 2022-10-07 17:00:45 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331296672 Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway (Parasympathetic Innervation Pathway) pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331806175
  • The parasympathetic system constricts the pupil to protect itself when light intensity increases to an uncomfortable level by decreasing the amount of light entering the eye. 
  • Pupillary constriction occurs via innervation of the iris sphincter muscle, which is controlled by the parasympathetic system 
    • ]]>     2022-10-08 09:49:54 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331806175     CONSTRICTION pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331811502 Constriction to decrease the light entering the eye.]]> 2022-10-08 10:02:09 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331811502 DILATION pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331815247 Dilate to let in more light in reaction to external stimuli.]]> 2022-10-08 10:11:25 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331815247 pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331816808 These behaviors explain why the pupil increases in size when it is subjected to dark environments and decreases in brighter ones (Ou, 2021). ]]> 2022-10-08 10:15:14 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331816808 STIMULUS: PEN LIGHT pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331832612 A light stimulus is introduced to Jennie’s eye, which stimulates the retinal ganglionic cells.]]> 2022-10-08 10:55:41 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331832612 DIAMETER OF THE PUPIL IN DARK AREAS pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331839407 The pupil of the eye dilates usually from 3mm to 8mm when exposed to dark areas.]]> 2022-10-08 11:13:10 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331839407 PUPILLARY DARK RESPONSE pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331844893 The pupils typically dilate (become larger) in the dark (i.e., when light is removed). The iris sphincter relaxes and the iris dilator contracts as a result of this reaction. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the iris dilator. ]]> 2022-10-08 11:26:55 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331844893 RECEPTOR: PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331855559
  • They are the ones that capture the stimulus coming from the penlight of the nurse. 
  • The lights are then converted to electrical impulses
  • These electrical impulses are sent through the optic nerves
    • ]]>     2022-10-08 11:50:55 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331855559     STIMULUS: DARKNESS pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331888140 2022-10-08 12:57:22 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331888140 PROCESS OF EYE DILATION AND CONSTRICTION pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331888492 2022-10-08 12:58:05 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331888492 Sensory neurons (Bipolar, Unipolar, and Multipolar neurons) pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331895177
  • Transmit signals from photoreceptors to Ganglion cells
    • ]]>     2022-10-08 13:10:15 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331895177     INTERNEURONS talityangelayvonne https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331901835
  • Ganglionic cells (retinal interneuron) are the final output neuron
    • They are the ones that collect the information from bipolar cells and amacrine cells 
  • Edinger-Westphal nucleus supplies preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the eye and it will be the cause for the constriction of the sphincter muscles and the dilation of the iris dilator muscles. 
    • ]]>     2022-10-08 13:22:44 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331901835     pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331902828
    • The retinal ganglionic cells in Jennie's eye are stimulated by a light stimulus.
    • Starting in the retinal ganglion cell layer, afferent pupillary fibers pass through the optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract before entering the brachium of the superior colliculus and proceeding to the pretectal region of the midbrain.
    ]]>     2022-10-08 13:24:31 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331902828     pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331905854
    1. Following that, the midbrain bilaterally transmits fibers to the efferent Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor complex.
    2. Efferent pupillary parasympathetic preganglionic fibers move via the oculomotor nerve to synapse in the ciliary ganglion.
    ]]>     2022-10-08 13:30:03 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331905854     Motor neuron (Sphincter muscles & Iris dilator muscles) pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331907255
  • Sphincter muscles
    • Responsible for the constriction of the pupil
  • Iris dilator muscles
    • Responsible for the dilation of the pupil
    • ]]>     2022-10-08 13:32:19 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331907255     pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331908960
    1. In order to innervate the iris sphincter smooth muscle via M3 muscarinic receptors, the ciliary ganglion transmits parasympathetic postganglionic axons in the short ciliary nerve.
    2. A direct and congruent pupillary response is created as a result of the bilateral E-W nuclei's innervation.
    ]]>     2022-10-08 13:35:19 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331908960     DISCUSSION FOR CONSTRICTION AND DILATION pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331909286 2022-10-08 13:35:56 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331909286 A PICTURE REPRESENTATION OF THE PATHWAYS OF THE EYES pajarillagaagustin https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331915132 2022-10-08 13:46:06 UTC https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331915132 talityangelayvonne https://padlet.com/pajarillagaagustin/q90ngnsjpvwu246k/wish/2331944256
  • Bloom J, Motlagh M, Czyz CN. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Eye Iris Sphincter Muscle. [Updated 2022 Jul 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532252/ 
  • Dilated Eye Exam Is Important | BrightFocus Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2022, from https://www.brightfocus.org/glaucoma/article/dilated-eye-exam-why-its-so-important#:~:text=Pupil%20dilation%20occurs%20when%20the,size%20of%20a%20patient's%20pupils.
  • Edinger-Westphal Nucleus - an overview. (n.d.). ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/edinger-westphal-nucleus 
  • Ganglion cell physiology by Ralph Nelson. Webvision. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-ii-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-retina/ganglion-cell-physiology/#:~:text=Ganglion%20cells%20are%20the%20final,on%20the%20ganglion%20cell%20membrane. 
  • Gupta, M., Ireland, A. C., & Bordoni, B. (2021, December 28). Neuroanatomy, Visual Pathway. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553189/#:~:text=The%20optic%20nerve%20directs%20the,to%20the%20Edinger%2DWestphal%20nucleus
  • Iris Dilator Muscle - an overview. (n.d.). ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/iris-dilator-muscle 
  • Ocular Motor System (Section 3, Chapter 7) Neuroscience Online: An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences. (n.d.). Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/m/s3/chapter07.html 
  • Ou, Y. (2021, July 5). The Dilated Eye Exam: Why it's so important. Pupil Dilation Test: Why a Dilated Eye Exam Is Important | BrightFocus Foundation. Retrieved October 7, 2022, from https://www.brightfocus.org/glaucoma/article/dilated-eye-exam-why-its-so-important#:~:text=Pupil%20dilation%20occurs%20when%20the,size%20of%20a%20patient's%20pupils.
  • Reflexes and the Eye - EyeWiki. (2022, August 6). Retrieved October 8, 2022, from https://eyewiki.aao.org/Reflexes_and_the_Eye
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