Topic 2 Climate Change by Padlet Humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz In groups, discuss on the factors contributing to climate change. en-us 2023-08-15 03:55:47 UTC 2025-04-14 06:20:11 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663066207 Dominant sources of agricultural greenhouse gases (GHGs) include carbon dioxide (CO2) from tropical deforestation, methane (CH4) from livestock and rice production, and nitrous oxide (N2O) from fertilizing or burning croplands. Agriculture is responsible for about half of global methane emissions.]]> 2023-08-16 04:04:54 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663066207 group 4 https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663066533 Description:
- The large-scale removal of forests which contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect
- Forests are removed for humans to  (1)obtain resources (e.g. timber, wood) and (2) for land - for urban development or agricultural needs)

- Deforestation results in the increased level of carbon dioxide as it reduces the number of trees that absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
-Thus when trees are cut down or burnt, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
-Clearing of forests > exposes the soil beneath to sunlight > increases soil temperature and the rate of carbon oxidation.

Example:
Globally, tropical deforestation contributes to about 20% of annual greenhouse gas emissions. ]]> 2023-08-16 04:05:27 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663066533 Jayna. Desebelle, Edna, Seymour desebelle_ong_ying_ru https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663067275 Description:
With greater number of human population, forests need to be cleared to make space for agriculture > so as to meet rising demand for food
-Agriculture contributes to about 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions annually by;
(1) Burning of fossil fuels to produce energy for farm machinery
(2) Nitrogen in chemical fertilizers converts to nitrous oxide and
(3) Livestock rearing and natural decomposition processes release methane. Hence, it increases carbon concentration in the atmosphere.

Example:
In paddy rice fields, decomposition is rapid due to the high amount of moisture in  the soil > contributes to 5 -20% of total methane emissions.]]> 2023-08-16 04:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663067275 Group 3 https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663067922 Description:
Since fossil fuels have high carbon content, the burning of fossil fuels produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect. Which in turn increases the temperature on a global scale.

Fossil fuels are burned to create energy for human activities such as agriculture, industries and urbanisation.

Example:
The use of fossil fuels increased steeply since the start of the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, contributing to more than 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year.]]> 2023-08-16 04:07:59 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663067922 Group 1 Erin https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663068124 Sunspots

-Occurs when strong magnetic fields emerge through the solar surface and allow the area to cool slightly which appears as a dark spot on the sun
-Sunspots have lower temperature, causing surroundings areas to radiate more energy, which results in higher temperature on the earth 
- about 0.1% more Solar energy reaches the Earth, which can increase global average temperatures by 0.05-0.1℃. ]]> 2023-08-16 04:08:23 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663068124 group 2: Megan see, Rachel, Ashani, Kaylea https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663069174 Description:
Large- scale volcanic eruptions cause global temperatures to decrease because large volumes of carbon dioxide, water, sulfur dioxide, dust and ash are released into the atmosphere
- The sulfur based particles, dust and ash spread around the lower atmosphere area of the earth
-These particles also absorb and reflect solar energy back into space
- This temporarily offsets the greenhouse effect and lowers temperatures until they grow large and fall down the Earth

Example: The volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 led to a drop in average global temperature of about 0.6 degrees celsius over 15 months after the eruption]]> 2023-08-16 04:10:18 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663069174 desebelle_ong_ying_ru https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663070091 2023-08-16 04:11:43 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663070091 Group 6 azmath_aishah_binte_khalit https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663071178 Description:
- The Industry sector produces the goods and raw materials we use every day.
-Direct emissions that are produced at the facility, and indirect emissions that occur off site but are associated with the facility's use of electricity.
- These are caused by producing burning fuel for power or heat, through chemical reactions, and from leaks from industrial processes or equipment.
-Most direct emissions come from the consumption of fossil fuels for energy. > to run machines and factory processes.
-A smaller amount of direct emissions, roughly one third, come from leaks from natural gas and petroleum systems, the use of fuels in production.

Impact: This also gradually increases the production of greenhouse gases which warms the Earth's surface and contributes to Global Warming]]> 2023-08-16 04:13:34 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663071178 Melody, Charlyn, Jolene, Chevonn, Sri https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663071917 URBANISATION

Description:
- The increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities, usually in developing countries, named urban areas.

Impact:
- Urbanisation consumes much of the world's energy, 78%, due to more fossil fuels being burnt, increased petrol powered vehicle use, factories emitting more greenhouse gases and many other reasons which contributes greatly to the rise in temperatures of the Earth.

Example:
- London grew from 600,000 to 1.1 million residents in the 1800s to the 1940s due to industrialisation and the growth of urban factories having a need for more labour workers.
- Singapore's population also increased from around 1 million people to 5 million people in 1950-2010 alone.
]]> 2023-08-16 04:14:32 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663071917 https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663072748 2023-08-16 04:15:53 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663072748 group 1: maegan, feivel, zhiqi, kirsten https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663073944 - Sunspots are areas in the sun where the magnetic field is 2500x stronger than Earth's
- The sunspots are the dark spots on the sun and the areas around it are the hotter areas (which explains why they seem to be more intensely red in the image)
- The higher the sunspot activity, the higher the amount of solar radiation emitted from the Sun.
- Sunspots have lower temperatures, causing the areas around it to radiate more energy and in turn more solar radiation on Earth, causing an increase in temperatures.
-Hence, there is a general trend that periods with higher sunspot activity causes there to be higher annual surface temperatures on Earth.
- Amount of sunspots increases and decreases in a cycle of approximately 22 years.
-Despite that, between 2000-2008, solar radiation emitted by the sun increased but the Earth's temperature continued increasing. 
-> This example suggests that human activities play a bigger role in determining the Earth's temperature.]]> 2023-08-16 04:17:48 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663073944 Sunspot Occurences pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663083722 Description:
- The sunspots are the dark spots on the sun and the areas around it are the hotter areas (which explains why they seem to be more intensely red in the image)
- The higher the sunspot activity, the higher the amount of solar radiation emitted from the Sun.
-Hence, there is a general trend that periods with higher sunspot activity causes there to be higher annual surface temperatures on Earth.

Sunspots do have an influence on solar radiation as it changes the upper atmosphere chemistry. However, the amount of radiation received by the earth’s surface due to sunspots is less than 0.1%. Hence sunspots are not significant contributors to Earth's natural variability.

Example:
Number of sunspots rises and falls in a cycle of approximately every 11 years]]> 2023-08-16 04:33:54 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663083722 SLS - diagram pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663094948 https://html.learning.moe.edu.sg/f533ea6f-3f14-4b2c-828b-39c7fe85036c/20220601020518/index.html]]> 2023-08-16 04:50:33 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663094948 Diagram pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663095474 2023-08-16 04:51:24 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663095474 Example pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663134024 2023-08-16 05:44:46 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663134024 How Meat Production Contributes to Climate Change pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663135956 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXjeQLoDXeA]]> 2023-08-16 05:46:45 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2663135956 E.g. Group No. - Impact assigned pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669498855 Group's Input]]> 2023-08-23 02:17:39 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669498855 group 6 - germaine, hui jing, zhiqi, kirsten https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669609755 Ocean acidification:
- Oceans= important natural carbon sinks as they contain phytoplanktons, absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis
- Increase in co2 emissions leads to oceans absorbing excessive amounts of co2. 
- Carbonic acid is formed, and pH of the ocean is reduced. 
- Carbonic acids dissolve calcium carbonate, which forms the skeletons and shells of aquatic creatures eg. corals, mussels and oysters
-> Coral reefs are eroding faster than new corals are formed. output>input 
-> As coral skeletons shrink, species depending on them for food, habitat and shelter from predators are negatively affected :( & risk extinction 

example:
- average coral cover in the great barrier reef (Australia) has dropped to 30% of the amount in the 1960s, partly due to acidification.


]]> 2023-08-23 04:00:19 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669609755 Group 1 - increase in atmospheric and ocean surface temperatures https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669930406 Atmospheric temp:
 - concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are at and ever-increasing rate
- atmosphere today contains more greenhouse gas molecules
- more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by the atmosphere
- some of the extra energy from a warmer atmosphere radiates back down to the surface, Earth’s surface temperature rises

Ocean surface: 
- rising amounts of greenhouse gases preventing heat radiated from Earth’s surface from escaping into space as freely as it used to
 - Most of excess atmospheric heat is passed back to the ocean
- thus, upper ocean heat content has increased significantly over the past few decades 

example: Between etween 1993–2021, heat content rose by up to 6 Watts per square meter in parts of the ocean in America (dark orange). The global average surface temperature rose 0.6 to 0.9 degrees Celsius between 1906 and 2005, and the rate of temperature increase has nearly doubled in the last 50 years]]> 2023-08-23 10:33:49 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2669930406 group 8 - threats to flora and fauna https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2670056034 changes geographic distribution of terrestrial species :
- terrestrial species migrating towards the higher latitudes and altitudes where temperatures are cooler.

example :
about 170 species of birds tracked in North America have expanded their range northwards by 50km on average during the past four decades 

changes in composition of terrestrial ecosystem :
- as the geographic distribution of terrestrial species changes the population densities in the ecosystems also change.
- as new terrestrial communities are form the existing food webs are disrupted. 
- Terrestrial ecosystems are complicated as the way they evolve is still uncertain however observations like declination of species if they are unable to find a suitable place to migrate to. 
- plant species would decline if they aren’t able to adapt as they cannot migrate unlike other species where they will continue to flourish as they migrate to new habitats

example:
In Australia, wallabies are migrating to higher altitudes. They have found herbfields in the mountains a suitable source of food, and have therefore flourished there . However, their overgrazing threatens to reduce these herbfields to grassy lawns.]]> 2023-08-23 13:15:16 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2670056034 Groupings pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2747724841 2023-10-16 03:00:44 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/2747724841 pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599200 2025-04-14 06:20:10 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599200 pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599467 2025-04-14 06:20:23 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599467 pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599636 2025-04-14 06:20:31 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599636 pad_humanities https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599881 2025-04-14 06:20:43 UTC https://padlet.com/pad_humanities/q8dqeuz85g3f9srz/wish/3408599881