auxiliary have와 결합한다.

tense-> perfect-> progressive-> passive

• you are continually interrupting!

• patients eat too much

사실이 아닌 가정임을 보여주는 과거 형태일 뿐이지 시제가 과거인 것은 아니다.

자러 가지 않았기에 사실이 아니다. 사실과 사실이 아닌 것에 거리를 두기 위해 과거 형태를 사용. => modal remotedness

• someone has stolen my bike

• i have just had an idea

• archaeologists have discovered an anglo- saxon palace in london.

• police have recaptured two escaped prisoners

• no- one has proved that aliens exist

• my car has broken down (that's why i want a lift from you)

• i've lived here for 10 years

지금 안 살아

• i lived here for 3 years

• she has painted some of the best portraits of recent years.

현재와는 커넥션이 없는 사건/ action이 끝남

• she painted some of the best portraits of recent years.

• i've left my books at home (시공간적으로 가깝다)

현재와 관련성 없다고 본다

• i left my books at home (시공간적으로 현재와는 거리가 있는 일)

시간/ 공간/ 의지

• somebody has invented a new type of washing machine

• who invented the telephone?

• what are you going to do on saturday night?

• what time is Cathy arriving tomorrow?

• what would you like to drink?-> I'll have an orange juice.

2<사실에 기반을 둔 예측>

• Inflation will increase by 1% over the next twelve months.

3<어떻게 될지 모르는 경우>

• I think Liverpool will win

4<생각 추측 계산>

• You'll never finish that book.

**Will은 종속절, 시조부에는 쓰지 않는다.

• Sandra's going tp have another baby in june.

• it's going to rain.

• it will rain

<내 생각 기반 추측>

• i think the weather will be nice

• i think the weather is going to be nice.

=> already fixed, arranged

• He is goingto meet Hannah this evening.

  => have decided but matbe arranged to do it, maybe not

• I have to go. My train leaves at 10.

we were going to travel by train, but then we decided to go y car instead.

I hope Kate passes the exam

-> Half an hour from now, the cinema will bw full. Everyone will bw watching the film.

• this time next week, they'll be lying on the beach

<events that have already been arranged for a future date>

• The rolling stones will bw performing in Moscow in June.

< very formal requests>

• will you be wanting anything else, sir?

2. be about to

-I can't talk now. I'm just about to go out

+more formal

3. be on the point of

-David is on the point of leaving the company.

• the new swimming pool has just been opened

2. to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process

• the plastic casings are produced in China.

3. 행위자의 행동이 일반적이고, 의도적으로 제거한 경우

• all pupils are taught computer skills.

4. it+passive를 써서 impersonal 한 경우

• it has been decided to close the factory

5. by를 써서 행위자에 초점을 주기 위해서

• the new swimming pool has just been opened by the mayor.

6. 초점 주고 싶을 때는 by뒤에 행위자 쓴다

• i was told by the embassy that i wouldn't need a visa.

7. 주체의 의지로 사용된 도구= with <-> 의지가 반영되지 않으면 by

   • During the robbery, the man was hit with a baseball bat

   • 2 passengers were hit by flying glass.

행동을 겪는 대상은 theme의미역을 할당 받는다.

->수동일 때, 논항의 수와 위치를 바꿔서 theme이 주어자리에 오고, agent는 보통 생략함.

• they were shot at.

<that절을 목적어로 가진 타동사>

• they believe that she is clever

• -> it is believed that she is clever

• ->she is believed to be clever

<that절 내부의 주어를 주어로 수동태>

• it is known that he did his best

• -> he is known to have done his best

spare/kiss/envy/save/refuse/deny/call

• tom kissed jane a good night kiss

• ->jane was kissed a good night kiss

<직접 목적어만 " ">

전치사 for을 쓰는 동사와 write/ read/ sing/ bring

<간접 목적어와 that절을 가질 때, 간접 목적어를 주어로 하는 것만 가능>

• the informed me that i had failed again

• -> i was informed that i had failed again

• he called his dog Mickey

• -> his dog was called Mickey

<전치사>

• we thought of hom as a fool

• -> he was thought of as a fool

<~에게 ~하도록 시키다>

• she ordered me to turn off the tv

• -> i was ordered to tirn off the tv

• they made helen write the test again

• ->helen was made to write the test again

<have는 ask로 변환한다>

• maria had him review the report

• -> he was asked to review the report

<let은 allow로 변환한다>

• my mother let him drink a cup of coffee

• ->he was allowed to drink a cup of coffee

• i saw him leave -> he was seen to leave.

• <-> i saw him leaving-> he was seen leaving

<tell>

• my mother told me that i should clean my room

• -> i was told that i should clean my room

<say>

• people say that pigs are the least ntelligent of domestic animals

• -> pigs are said to be the least intelligent of domestic animals.

<부정>

• don't forget this historic event

• ->don't let this historic event be forgotten

• -> let this historic event not be forgotten

• i'm going to have my photograph taken by a top fashion photographer

2. mention the place

• i have my hair cut at my local hairdresser's.

3. unfortunate events

• maria had her car stolen last night.

• 
  

• the secret of happiniss is to make others believe they are the cause of it.

<make+o+pp>

• you have to speak up to make yourself heard.

• we have never had customers complain about the quality of our products.

<have+o+ing>

• now that the winter is over, it is lovely to have kids playing in the garden again.

<have+o+pp>

• we had these security cameras installed

• i let the doctor take off the ventilator

<let+o+be pp>

• the club is careful not to let the younger players be overexposed to the media

• the salesman was so persuasive that he got me to buy a new car

<get+o+ing>

• the movie was so sad. when the hero died, it got everybody in the audience crying

<get+O+PP>

I sometimes get in too much of a rush to get things done

• we're getting our flat decorated

• he's getting hos nose altered

<현재 완료-> have!>

• he has had her car stolen

• i got my work finished in the end

<get-ing>

=start to do something

• once we got the heater going, the car started to warm up

• this charity aims to help people(to) help themselves

<help+O+ (to)be pp>

• i want it to be done as quickly as possible

make: 강제 > have 부탁 요청 > let 허락

• i'm going to make him work hard from now on.

• i'm going to let him do whatever he wants to

• l had him be quiet during the class

<어려운 일을 해내다/ 지만 안 됐다:get>

• i can't get that child to go to bed

If you can't answer Exercise 1, you won 't be able to do Exercise 2.

• present perfect

If you've finished washing the floor, I’ll help you clean the kitchen.

• going to

If you're going to buy a car, I’ll lend you some of the money

• present continuous

If you're going to the shops, I’ll come with you!

• 과거형

If you didn’t study physics at school, you won’t understand this book

Iron goes red { if/ when} it gets very hot.

• as

{If/as} John didn’t come to work yesterday, he was probably ill

• Because

{If/Because} you didn’t study physics at school, you won’t understand this book.

If I give you the money could you get me same stamps?

• can

If you've finished washing the floor, you can start cleaning the kitchen.

• going to

If it rains this afternoon, we're going to stay in and watch same DVDs.

• imperative

If you're going to buy a car, make sure you get it checked by a garage.

• had better

If you're going to the shops, you'd better take same money!

• could

If Cole scores now, that could be the end of the match!

I’ll talk to your teacher, if that will stop you worrying so much

• 화자의 의지, 고집

If you will wear such thin clothes, of course you'll feel cold'

If you won't listen to common sense, there's no point my talking to you.

• polite request

If you'lI just wait here, I’ll tell Mr. Brown that you've arrived.

<더 공손>If you’d just fill in this form, I'll check the details.

If the Earth didn't have a Moon, there wouldn't be any tides

If I knew her name, I should tell you.

If I married you, we should both be unhappy.

If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink

직접적: Will it be all right if I bring a friend?

현실: If you buy a bike, you'lI get a lot fitter.

<2nd conditional>

공손: Would it be all right if I brought a friend?

상상: If you bought a bike, you'd get a lot fitter.

• If the ship had had more lifeboats, more passengers would have been saved.

-> If she was better-qualified, she would have got the job

• I won't be able to lift this unless you help me.

(=If you don't help me, I won't be able to lift this)

• Help me with this, otherwise I won't be able to lift it. Help me with this.

• I won't be able to lift it otherwise

• If only you'd told me, I could have helped you.

2) also be used alone as an exclamation.

• If only you'd told me!

3) past to talk about the present

• If only I knew more people!

4)would + infinitive - talk about the future

• If only it would stop raining, we could go out.

5)past perfect to talk about the past

If only she hadn't told the police, everything would have been all right.

2) provided / providing (that), as long as, on condition (that) emphatic ways of saying only ... if.

• you can go to the party, provided you are home before 12.00.

• You can go to the party, as long as you are home before 12.00.

• You can go to the party, on condition that you are home before 12.00.

to emphasize if.

->Even if you begged him to take the money, he wouldn't accept.

-> If you should see him tomorrow, could you give him my message?

-> If you should happen by any chance to find the money, can you send it back?

-> If the government were to lower taxes, they would certainly win votes

2) make an event seem less Iikely.

-> If I were to offer you more money, would you stay in the job?

-> If it were not for Helen, our team would be the worst in the area!

-> I used to own a house in the mountains.

2)to talk about things in the past that happened often or always

-> He would always turn and wave at the end of the street, whenever he went back home.

3)annoying behaviour

-> You would say that

Wouldn't you just know it!

->He said he would always love her

2) .Stressed would can also be used to criticize a single past action - the meaning is 'that's typical of you'.

-> You WOULD tell Mary about the party I didn't want to invite her.

->In New York, he met the woman who would later become his wife.

2) In indirect speech, would is used after past reporting verbs where will was used in direct speech

-> The forecast said the next day would be fine.

-> She asked if I would like some help.

-> Would you mind standing up for a moment?

2)Requests become more polite the more distanced they are. Would makes a request more distanced

-> Would you help me with my homework?

3)for polite requests beginning If you would ...

->If you would come this way, I’ll take you to the director's office.

-> Tony would lend you his car.

-> She would sing for her fans, but she rarely danced

2)to describe a past refusal

-> She was upset because l wouldn't speak to her.

3) Inanimate objects can also refuse to do things.

-> The door wouldn’t open.

4)past willingness of a general kind, but not to willingness to do something on a particular past occasion.

-> *She would come & see me after she finished her work last Friday.

5) past refusals would not can be used to refer to a refusal on a particular past occasion.

-> The car wouldn't start again this morning.

-> What would you do if you won the lottery?

I wish that they didn't exist.

I hope you enjoy your trip

->Paying the overcharged bill, I felt like punch ing somebody.

앞문장 전체: She cycled from London to Glasgow, that is pretty good for a woman of 75.

다음절의 주어: She got married in April, when is her favorite month.

I’ll be back on Friday’ 

-> He said he would be back on Friday

'I may be late.

->‘ She said she might be late.

'What shall we do?’ 

-> They wanted to know what they should do.

He said that he walked to school every morning.

Galileo said that the Earth moved around the sun.

I know that the Korean War broke out back in 1950

가정법

She said that if I had brought a map, we wouldn't have got lost.