Latitude – parallel lines around the earth

Longitude – lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole

Sumer – a city in Mesopotamia Babylon – a city on the Euphrates River that was home to Hammurabi domestication – to tame animals and plants for human use

specialization – the development of different kinds of jobs

Nile River Valley– river that supported the Egyptian civilization

Dynasty – a line of rulers from one family

Pyramid – a tomb built for Egyptian pharaohs

Mummy – a body tightly wrapped in linen strips

- Believed the pharaohs needed a body in the afterlife
- After death even better life than present life

- Invented embalming to preserve the body of pharaohs

Torah –first 5 chapters of the Old Testament 

Covenant – agreement

Prophet – person who claims to be instructed by God to share God’s word

Sabbath – weekly day of worship and rest for Jews (Saturday)

God thought was right 

and wrong

Subcontinent – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it

Sanskrit – written language developed by the Aryans

Caste – social group a person is born into and cannot change

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India

Mandate – formal order
Social class – group of people who share a similar position in society
Dao – the proper way Chinese kings were expected to rule under the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven- the belief that the Chinese king’s right to rule came from the gods 

Rulers were called emperors
Had a bureaucracy – appointed officials who are responsible for different areas of government

Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

Athens- an ancient city-state of Greece that developed democracy

Sparta- ancient city-state of Greece that was military focused

Acropolis- a temple built on a hilltop where people would go take refuge when invaders attacked. Also a place to honor local gods

Oligarchy - Sparta’s government, small group as control, usually a small wealthy group has control over the larger group of citizens 

Mainland Greece is a peninsula.

Many were fishers, sailors and traders (miles of seacoasts).

Grew barley, wheat, olives and grapes.

Delian League was an alliance to defend Greek land from the Persians near them. 

His son becomes king of Macedonia when his father dies.

He beats the Persian empire and captures Egypt.

Continued conquest in Arabia.

patrician- wealthy landowner and member of the ruling class in ancient Rome

plebeian- member of the common people of ancient Rome

consul- one of the two top government officials in ancient Rome

veto- to reject

2. They have an elected ruler. 

3. Had to pay taxes.
so.. Within 70 years the people of Rome controlled all of Italy. 

Disciple-close follower of Jesus

Resurrection-the act of rising from the dead

Apostle-early Christian leader who helped to set up churches and spread the message of Jesus
Salvation-the act of being saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven

They crucified him (and many other people) by hanging him on a cross until he was dead
Some of his followers believed that he was resurrected or that he rose from the dead.

Many thought that he was the messiah. 

Other Jews thought that he was not a savior.
The Romans thought Jesus was trying to get the Jewish to overthrow them.

They arrested Jesus during Passover.

Ordered them to be simplified and had Justinian’s Code written. 

Preserved and passed Greek culture and Roman laws to others 

oasis- green area in a desert fed by underground water. 

Quran- holy book of Islam. 

mosque- Muslim house of worship. 

bazaar- marketplace. 

Lives in villages near oases. 

Oasis- a place in the desert that has water, plants, and trees. They traded goods across the desert in caravans

Obey His laws and will be blessed in heaven. 

Muhammad is NOT the son of God. 

In 610 A.D. he was visited by an angel and told to preach Islam. 

Wrote Arabian Nights about Aladdin. 

Built minarets or a tower, where a crier calls people to pray five times a day. 

Bazaars -open markets

1 in every 6 people in the world is Muslim. 

shrine - holy place

samurai - class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land
shogun - military general over a large area of feudal Japan

daimyo - powerful military lord over small territories in feudal Japan

The islands are mountaintops that rise from the floor of the ocean. Many are volcanoes. 

When people needed help, they asked the nature spirits called kami, to help them. 

To honor kami, they worshiped in shrines, or holy places. 

Zen Buddhism-  teaches that people can find inner peace through self-control and a simple life.

This meant the samurai gave an oath of loyal to his daimyo in exchange for land. 

This system of granting land for loyalty is known as feudalism

feudalism- political system based on bonds of loyalty between lords & vassals

vassal- in feudalism, a noble who held land from & served a higher-ranking lord, and in return was given protection
*fief- under feudalism, the land a lord granted to a vassal in exchange for military service & loyalty

knight- in the Middle Ages, a noble warrior who fought on horseback

 

Humanism- way of understanding the world that was based on the values of the ancient Greeks and Romans,a way to gain knowledge through reason not just faith 

Reformation- a religious movement that created a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism 

Indulgence - pay to get a pardon, or forgiveness, of sin

Denomination- branches of Christianity

Had Greek and Roman ruins as inspiration 

City-state in Italy became centers for trade and banking 

Florence, Milan, and Venice 

 issued certificate to pardon a person’s sin (had to pay for it) 

Said only true guide to religious  truth was Bible (not pope’s words)

Argued that all Christians could confess their sins directly to God with a priest

Faith in Jesus got you to heaven, not just good deeds.

Starts Reformation!