https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1 To find out if Nuclear Arms deals do work and what is the possible future for nuclear arms. en-us 2021-10-28 06:19:38 UTC 2021-12-04 01:45:29 UTC hello@padlet.com julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850590174 In this 2020 article from three experts on foreign policy from the Brookings institute, they look at the NPT to see if after 50 years it was successful. In the article it is stated that Ronald Reagan claimed after the Cold War at least 20 nations will rise with nuclear arms, however thanks to the NPT, this was not the case and in the current day there are only 9 nations that possess nuclear weapons to add to this Russia and the US have gotten rid of about 90% of their nuclear war heads since the Cold War. It even cites that the Additional protocol has helped crack down on nations trying to obtain or get more nuclear weapons. However this success is said to be starting to crumble, with many reasons to look at, one is scholars believe that both Russia and the US do not take the treaty seriously enough. Another reason was that the global leader disagreed with the liberal view of interdependence and began to cut relations with other countries to grow their dominance (namely Russia and China). With these factors its easy to call to questions the lasting success of the treaty, since tensions have only been raised.]]> 2021-10-28 07:12:18 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850590174 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850614632 In this article by Secretary-General, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs,  Paolo Cotta-Ramusino, he recognizes that tensions among states are rising which makes the talk of disarmament only seem even more unstable. However, it does say it can be achieved ultimately it has to be the superpowers who drive the point of cooperation home. They want to make it illegal such as biological and chemical weapons. However, as far as the current rules the article says many rules were to be put into place to ensure no new countries would acquire nuclear weapons, such as the Additional protocol. However, this article brings up the point of terrorism which I found interesting since I wasn't sure how countries but the article makes it clear there is a plan in place if that were to ever happen. The article overall stresses that the easiest way would be to make it completely illegal to have and that doesn't seem to be the case with these countries. ]]> 2021-10-28 07:25:59 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850614632 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850633952 The reason I chose this one was that I found it very interesting that there are zones that have decided to become Nuclear-free. In the NPT there is a section that allows states to decide (along with other states in the same region). This piece was written by the UN, even has a map of the regions of states that chose to go Nuclear-free. It gives guidelines to follow such as letting the states with nuclear weapons know the region is going Nuclear-free and also making sure the state does not prevent any science stemming from nuclear research, it only wants to prohibit weapons. The treaties and their regions are as followed: Treaty of Tlatelolco-Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, Treaty of Rarotonga- South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty,  Treaty of Bangkok- Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, Treaty of Pelindaba- African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty, and Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia.

]]> 2021-10-28 07:36:12 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1850633952 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1925989171 In this video done by TLDR News, they dive into the history of Nuclear Disarmament and explain why only five countries are legally recognized to have nuclear weapons, and it is simply because they had the weapons prior to signing the treaty, but have agreed to disband their programs and not move forward with any more nuclear weapons, however, there are other countries who had not signed the treaty and decided to keep up with their programs, and even North Korea had pulled out of the treaty, showing that it was in fact possible and easy to do. There were countries that didn't sign the NPT that had no intentions to develop programs however, countries like Pakistan would have to, in order to fight the Soviets which is why the US did not stop it. This is why some states would grow to develop weapons. Yet much like most International Law issues there is not much to be done to the states that develop or even break International Law, since even a country like North Korea was allowed to exit the NPT. ]]> 2021-12-02 19:51:09 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1925989171 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1926013035 In this NPR we hear from both Costa Rican Ambassador Elayne Whyte Gomez, and Jeffrey Lewis who is a professor at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey when host Geoff Brumfiel, reports on the new treaty. When looking at the new treaty it prohibits nuclear weapons in any form, whether it is possessing them, developing them, transferring them, the use of them, and ave the threat of use this treaty would make all of this illegal. Over 80 countries have signed it, however, none of these countries have been countries that actually possess Nuclear weapons, which is why Prof. Jeffrey Lewis says it is more ceremonial than anything else and would even compete with the current NPT, however, I believe that is the point since this new treaty would be more strict I believe it would be better for the global community. Amb. Whyte says that the best way to combat the nuclear weapons problem is to delegitimize it, it was the way they dealt with slavery and colonialism. ]]> 2021-12-02 20:04:57 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1926013035 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1926259752 Above is the exact text of the treaty and it goes over a lot. To begin the NPT is a historic international agreement whose goal is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, encourage cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear, and advance the goal of nuclear disarmament and total disarmament. The Pact is the only multilateral treaty that contains a legally enforceable commitment to the aim of nuclear disarmament by nuclear-weapon states. The Treaty was signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970. The Treaty was renewed indefinitely on May 11, 1995. The Treaty has been signed by 191 countries, including the five nuclear-weapon states. The NPT has been ratified by more nations than any previous arms control and disarmament pact, demonstrating the Treaty's importance.The Treaty is widely recognized as the centerpiece of the worldwide nuclear non-proliferation system and a necessary foundation for nuclear disarmament efforts. It was created to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, advance nuclear disarmament and general and comprehensive disarmament goals, and increase participation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. ]]> 2021-12-02 23:46:16 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1926259752 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928284149 The United Nations General Assembly resolved in resolution 71/258 to hold a conference in 2017 to develop a legally enforceable treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons, ultimately to their eventual abolition. The Assembly urged all Member States to attend the Conference, which would also include international organizations and members from civil society. The Conference was held in New York from the 27th to the 31st of March and from the 15th of June to the 7th of July. Ambassador Elayne Whyte Gómez, Costa Rica's Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office in Geneva, presided over the conference. The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) has a detailed list of limitations on nuclear weapon participation. These commitments include avoiding developing, testing, producing, acquiring, possessing, stockpiling, using, or threatening to use nuclear weapons. The Treaty also forbids the use of nuclear weapons on sovereign territory and the giving of support to nuclear weapons states. Much like I said in the NPR post the countries/ states that did adopt and sign the treaty were states that did not have nuclear weapons, and it could put a hinderance on the treaty being affective. ]]> 2021-12-04 00:14:16 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928284149 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928292223 In this 2020 article author Nobuysa Abe, Former UN Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs, Tokyo, Japan, examines the successes and failures of the NPT. He goes on to say, the NPT was successful in its basic goal of avoiding nuclear weapons proliferation to possible proliferators who were judged likely at the time of its inception in 1970. As a result, it aided in the prevention of nuclear weapons spreading to the ten, twenty, and twenty-five countries that President John F. Kennedy had feared. The development of the  International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguard system to oversee the nuclear activities of those nations that agreed not to acquire nuclear weapons as part of the treaty aided it. Over time, the NPT was able to get second-tier countries to join, bringing the pact close to universal acceptance. This was aided by the United States' strong diplomatic efforts and, later, the conclusion of the Cold War. The NPT, on the other hand, has begun to exhibit its limitations in the recent three decades. Iraq, Libya, and South Africa were all developing clandestine nuclear arsenals. The NPT does not have a great track record in terms of encouraging nuclear disarmament. And after 50 years of operation, the treaty's purpose set forth in Article VI still has a long road ahead of it. The IAEA's work in the sector has aided the peaceful use of nuclear energy during the last 50 years.]]> 2021-12-04 00:27:47 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928292223 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928310766 The Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons is up against a number of obstacles. The Treaty has been under significant pressure for some years, owing to the ongoing tension between nuclear weapon nations and non-nuclear weapon states. The NPT's two most difficult issues are disarmament and nonproliferation. Despite the fact that nuclear weapons numbers have dropped dramatically since the height of the Cold War in the mid-1980s, many non-nuclear weapon states feel that disarmament is not proceeding at a fast enough pace. The nonproliferation efforts will surely be harmed as a result of this strain.  Other difficulties confronting the NPT might be seen as a result of the Treaty's age, as well as ambiguity in certain of its articles. The NPT's drafters were unable to forecast contemporary world developments and, as a result, were unable to draft a Treaty that could adapt with the times. The Treaty's current interpretations have created a slew of problems. Many non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) think the NWS have not made a determined effort to abandon their nuclear weapons despite advances achieved via agreements and collaborative activities since the end of the Cold War.]]> 2021-12-04 00:56:50 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928310766 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928328406 In this 2021 article written by Daryl G. Kimball, he points to how tensions have been rising between states with nuclear weapons. With a new summit meeting in January where they will go over the NPT and its articles and what they mean exactly.  Instead, the five nuclear-armed NPT nations should accept their previous disarmament obligations, collaborate with other states-parties on a practical action plan that establishes new benchmarks and timelines, and commit to acting with the priority that the grave nuclear weapons threat necessitates. This has been the main argument and the main point for debate. Nuclear-armed and non-nuclear-weapon states should collaborate on a credible disarmament action plan that might incorporate the major aspects listed below, despite their differing perspectives on how to accomplish those duties.
A request for the US and Russia to complete discussions on New START follow-on agreements by 2025, resulting in additional reductions in nuclear weapons and delivery systems. A vow by the five nuclear-armed NPT members to keep their nuclear arsenals frozen and for all countries to stop producing fissile material for military reasons. A demand on NPT states to initiate bilateral or multilateral disarmament talks no later than 2025. The remaining holdout governments are urged to begin their ratification processes for the 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty by 2025. A appeal for all countries to refrain from developing nuclear-tipped cruise and hypersonic missiles.]]> 2021-12-04 01:22:46 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928328406 julio00 https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928341783 Overall I've learned that Nuclear Disarmament is a much bigger issue than I previously believed, I always thought it was a solved issue and the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, which started nuclear disarmament, however to this day there are about 9 states that may or may not have nuclear weapons. With Israel being the only one experts are unsure about since that nation will neither confirm nor deny if they have the weapons. This being said I've learned that international law is trying to make any use of nuclear weapons illegal. With new treaties being proposed by other states, they are trying to get the five super-powered countries to completely disarm, however, none of them will, because they fear that they would give up too much power. Yet IGOs can't really enforce these laws. The UN makes all these laws and rules involving nuclear weapons and their development. In fact, the NPT is one of the largest disarmament treaties ever, but like I said they have no way to enforce anything they can only make the laws. Which is one of the biggest issues facing disarmament. I think that world leaders should recognize that nuclear weapons do no good for the overall global community and that the most sensible thing to do is to disarm completely. Because at the end of the day there are only a few nations that are putting a hold on complete disarmament. ]]> 2021-12-04 01:40:45 UTC https://padlet.com/julio00/q45bqy8sfy5r4cl1/wish/1928341783