OLD KINGDOM - In a long perspective, the 4th dynasty was an isolated phenomenon, a period when the potential of centralization was realized to its utmost and a disproportionate amount of the state’s resources was used on the kings’ mortuary provisions, almost certainly at the expense of general  living standards

MIDDLE KINGDOM - The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of the political division known as the first intermediate period. The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. 

The New Kingdom also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt. Radiocarbon dating places the exact beginning of the New Kingdom between 1570BC and 1544 BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the Third Intermediate Period. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.

1.Cultus (religious): temples dedicated to the main deity, most having other gods as well. These temples provided a 'residence' or shelter for the gods. Here, priests used to perform rituals and ceremonies, give offerings, pray and tend to the needs of the gods. Some festivals also took place in cultus temples, which allowed all other Egyptians to participate in rituals of worship.

2.Mortuary: for a pharaoh’s funerary cult. The funerary cult offered food and clothing to the departed pharaoh to ensure s/he would continue helping the people of Egypt. Mortuary temples were only built for the pharaoh. At first, these temples were part of the tomb complex. Most pyramids had a mortuary temple beside them for the pharaoh buried in the temple. Later pharaohs wanted to hide their tombs so they built their temples away from their tombs.

•Villages often chose a specific god to represent.

•Individuals sometimes chose gods to support their profession.

•Gods were often represented by animals like crocodiles, rams, lions, and cats.

•Afterlife rituals included the process of embalming (so the spirit would have a place to reside), the “opening of the mouth” ritual (to invoke the senses so they could be used in the afterlife), wrapping the body in cloth that contained jewels and amulets and placing a mask over the face that closely resembled the deceased.

•Local village gods were worshiped at shrines and privately in people’s houses.

•Polytheism was practiced for 3,000 years, with a brief stint when the Heretic Pharaoh, Akhenaten, worshiped only Aten.

•Many creation myths were developed over time and throughout Egypt

•Only the pharaoh, the queen, priests, and priestesses were allowed inside temples. Others could only go as far as the temple gates.

  Family was important in ancient Egypt, and family life began early for the ancient Egyptians. Men and women both tended to marry young, and most marriages were polygamous with the husband having several wives.

  The husband usually had a senior or chief wife who was considered higher than the other ones. Although divorce existed in ancient Egypt, it was rare because of the Egyptians' commitment to the sanctity of the family unit.

Children were also an important part of the family unit. They were considered to be a blessing from the gods, especially in noble and royal families.

   Contrary to popular belief, women were not treated as second-class citizens in ancient Egypt. In fact, there were oftentimes treated as equals to men. They were allowed to own their own property, testify in court and even conduct business dealings just like men could. More than once did a woman rule Egypt as the pharaoh as well.

    Still, even though women were treated better than other women in other parts of the world at that time, they were still seen as the primary caretakers of the home and children. Their primary responsibilities were still to overseeing the duties of the home, such as raising the children and preparing meals for the family.

   Men, on the other hand, worked the fields to earn their family a living and raise them crops to eat. Even though women were considered equal to men in many ways, the man was still considered to be the head of the household, and women were expected to obey their fathers and husbands.

   Although there is much talk of slave life in ancient Egypt, many scholars theorize that the role of men slaves in Egypt was much more like that of servants than slaves. Some men became craftsmen by learning a trade from their fathers or artisans.

   THE ANCIENT EYGPT PEOPLE WERE THE PEOPLE THAT INTRODUCE THE ONE OF THE OLDEST WRITING SYSTEM WHICH IS HIEROGLIPH.

   THEY ALSO ARE THE FIRST TO INTRODUCE HUMAN INTO WRITING ON PAPER BY USING PAPAYRUS PAPER WHICH MODERATE IT INTO MODERN PAPER

 THEY ALSO DO THE FIRST AND WELL-KNOWN PROCESS OF MUMIFICATION WHICH RELATE TO THEIR RELIGION AND AFTER LIFE BELIEVE.

The Egyptians were one of the first people to introduce the use of the ox-drawn plow; however the work of ploughing, planting and harvesting would have still been very difficult. Taxes were also imposed on the crops, which would have also made it difficult for most peasant families to move beyond their poor means.

~ https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-Old-Kingdom-c-2575-c-2130-bce-and-the-First-Intermediate-period-c-2130-1938-bce

~ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO1tzmi1V5g

    

      WE ALSO CAN ADMIRE THEIR ARCHITECTURE THAT EXISTS AND PRESERVE FOR MILION YEARS TO  COME THAT UNTIL THIS DAY WE CAN STILL SEE AND CAPTURE THE AMAZING IDEAS AND CONCEPTS THAY BOUGHT THROUGH IDEAS AND MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION INDEED.

    FOR NOW, WE ALL CAN AGREE ON ONE THING FOR SURE THAT THE ANCIENT EYGPT ERA HAD TO DONATE SO MANY THINGS THAT LEAD THE CIVIL ONTO THE RIGHT PATH AND WE TAKE IT FOR GRANTED. IT IS OUR JOB THEN TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THEM, PRESERVE THE IDEOLOGY, AND TEACH IT TO THEM THE NEXT GENERATION TO COME.

 
LOVE THE ANCIENT EYGPT ERA!