More food on less land 

A belief in common origin or ancestral heritage 

Marxism (Fourier) tried to implement social utopias, but never succeeded

Capitalism was influenced by the invisible hand, aka the peoples' supply and demand

The Agrarian Revolution introduced new farming tools and methods, like the seed drill and crop rotation.

Enclosure Acts forced small farmers off their land, creating larger farms.

poor quality of water

overcrowded housing

Wealthy landowners started restricting private farm land to use for their own companies (enclosure act)

Manual labor began to be viewed as inefficient and mechanized labor started to boost efficiency

Living conditions in factories were horrible, women had little to no free time and made almost no money because they needed to spend it on food

Children were also working and breathing in toxic factory fumes; many died

Marx – Workers of the world should unite and demand better wages 

The more poor = the more people who will starve 

To help the poor-> slow the birthrate 

Centralized production in large buildings with machines.

It increased the production of goods but led to long working hours and poor conditions for workers.

Plows

Before industrial revolution

managers were a more important sector of the workforce and workers were viewed as less important

owners of factories wanted to lessen pay and lengthen working hours, and workers couldn't do anything because it was the only way for them to make money

Ricardo - “Iron law of wages” should keep wages low so people won't have kids 

Exessive pride towards one's country

communism is where everyone shares everything

invisible hand, capitalism

Socialism

• The government chooses prices and controls the economy

Marxism

• Work is directly proportionate to resources

nationalism: people having pride in their country

Liberalism: liberty and free markets

Prussia used nationalistic efforts twice to unite southern and northern Germany to become the German Empire

Italy's efforts to unite were more so negotiable and emphatic in speech to unite the country

Forcing children to work

Striking deals with workers to seem like they are getting better living conditions

Farmlands were made private and farming tools were used to be more efficient

Public farmers turned into factory workers and moved to the city

the invention of the seed drill made it so that the farmers did not have to take so long and it improved crop yield.

four year rotation: this was a four year rotation of crops so the fields and farms were not ruined by the same crop year round

Fourier – Social Utopia 

• Says make work bearable – People will Produce more

Smith believed that competition was a natural part of society and that it would help to ensure that prices were reasonable.  

Textiles were mainly made, and the factory system beat out the domestic system

waterpower dominated, but waterwheels were tempermental during the winter seasons

Lower Class became common because most families were factory workers

Children were forced to work, and were beaten if they didn't do their job.

workers wanted higher wages so much that they went on strikes (Pullman and Homestead)

Child labor was common and children were beaten for not working hard enough