He imposed absolutism and declared the courts of Cádiz illegal

The Congress of Viena of 1815 and the Saint Alliance,  However, the Congress of Vienna for the first time attempted to create a “Congress System '' which aimed at the future and regular coordination between the Great Powers. This resulted in the Quadruple/Holy Alliance of 1815

the invasion of 100.000 sons of Saint Louis (another french invasion -this one absolutist-, 

the death of Fernando VlI and the “Pragmática sanción” to cede the kingdom to his daughter, Isabel II… she could not be queen because she was 3 years old and her mother governed in her name supported by moderate liberals.

The american countries wanted to become independent due to the lack of resources to maintain the empire and that they were considered inferior to the Spanish population and had fewer rights, date of independence of some countries:

Ecuador: August 10, 1809. ...

Colombia: July 20, 1810. ...

Chile: September 18, 1810. ...

Paraguay: May 14, 1811. ...

Venezuela: July 5, 1811. ...

Argentina: July 9, 1816. ...

Brazil: September 7, 1822.

The most important figures of independence of american were:

Simón Bolívar was a revolutionary leader who fought for the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. 

Antonio José de Sucre was a Venezuelan military and politician. Sucre was one of the most outstanding leaders of the independence process of the South American countries and a friend of Simón Bolívar.

Miguel Hidalgo was the leader of the New Spanish revolt in favor of the equality of all the ethnic groups of the viceroyalty and the redistribution of the land, in addition to supporting Ferdinand VII against the invading forces of Napoleon.

In the autumn of 1868 a successful revolution drove her into exile. Isabella settled in Paris, where in 1870 she abdicated in favour of her eldest surviving son, the future Alfonso XII (1874–85). She returned to Spain for a time after Alfonso's accession but was unsuccessful in influencing political affairs.  

The Glorious Revolution (Spanish: la Gloriosa or la Septembrina) took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. The success of the revolution marked the beginning of the Sexenio Democrático with the installment of a provisional government. 

the italian king Amadeo de Saboya, the 4 presidents in only one year of the 1st Spanish Republic.. 

Lluís Amadeu de Savoy-Aosta, Duke of Abruzzo was an Italian sailor, explorer and geographer. He was the son of who was briefly king of Spain, Amadeus I. The first adventure that gave him celebrity was the climbing of Mount Saint Elias in Alaska, in 1897, during which the geological origin and altitude of the mountain were determined. Undoubtedly his most famous expedition was the attempt to reach the North Pole aboard the ship Stella Polare between 1899 and 1900.

Presidency of Estanislao Figueras (February 11 - June 11, 1873) was a Catalan politician, was the first president of the government of the First Spanish Republic for barely four months.

Presidency of Francisco Pi y Margall (June 11 - July 18, 1873)  was a Catalan politician who will be the second president of the government of the First Spanish Republic in 1873. His mandate will last for thirty-five days.

Presidency of Nicolás Salmerón (July 18 - September 7, 1873) 

Nicolás Salmerón Alonso, Krausist politician, writer and philosopher, was Minister of Justice in the government of Estanislau Figueras and third president of the First Spanish Republic, and suppressed the cantonal uprising. I resigned for not signing some death sentences handed down to restore the discipline of the army.

Presidency of Emilio Castelar (September 7, 1873- January 3, 1874) 

Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, Spanish politician and writer, was the fourth and last president of the First Spanish Republic, in its federal variant.

(1902-1923)

The reign of Alfonso XIII coincides with a regenerationist era. The political system of the beginning of the century is a liberal monarchy, although not democratic, based on the alternation of the two great parties: the conservative of Cánovas and the liberal of Sagasta.

Alfonso XIII, posthumous son of Alfonso XII, swears on May 17, 1902 before his mother, María Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena, regent to date, the Constitution of 1876.

Sagasta died on January 5, 1903. Queen Elizabeth II died in Paris on April 9, 1904. Her remains rest in the Pantheon of Illustrious Men and in the Monastery of El Escorial.

In the session of October 10, 1904, the death of the Princess of Asturias, the King's sister, was reported.

On May 31, 1905, the King suffered an attack in Paris, from which he emerged unharmed. During his reign he visited all the Spanish provinces and made numerous trips abroad.

On May 31, 1906, he married Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. Returning from the ceremony, on the way to the Royal Palace, they are victims of an attack on Calle Mayor in Madrid. The anarchist Mateo Morral throws a bomb hidden in a bouquet of flowers on his float. The kings are unharmed.

On March 22, 1906, the Fueros Law was approved, harshly repressing crimes against the country and the army, in a context of fear of the government in the face of a coup d'état.