https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4 en-us 2018-03-04 18:17:01 UTC 2023-03-08 18:00:40 UTC hello@padlet.com crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237848111 Harmonic radar is used to track the location of a target(5). This targeting is done by sending out electromagnetic pulses which are intensified by the tagging device. This intensified signal is then reflected back to a receiver. The location is then determined by calculating the time it takes the signal to be received and the direction it was received from. ]]> 2018-03-04 20:36:56 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237848111 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237907547 2018-03-05 02:57:00 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237907547 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237909209 -It works without a power source. This allows the tagging device to be small enough and light enough to attach to small animals(3). 
-It does not require a visual to locate the target. Therefore, it can be used both during the day and night(6). 
-There is no echo produced by other objects since the receiver will only pick up the frequency it is tuned to. This is useful when tracking a specific animal within a large group(6). 
-It can potentially have a range upward of 900 meters(5). 
-The tags have very little if any negative impact on the behavior and mobility of the targeted animal(1). ]]> 2018-03-05 03:07:14 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237909209 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237920863 -There is no identifying signal to differentiate individuals. This means if you are tracking more than one target, you will not be able to tell which is which(3). 
-Terrain and barriers such as trees and very dense vegetation can cause areas where targets cannot be detected(2). 
-Insects must be within the set range of the equipment being used(4). 

]]> 2018-03-05 04:15:58 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237920863 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237927519 In a 2016 study, the flight pattern of bees over their lifetimes was observed in order to determine what paths they tend to take during flights for foraging compared to those for exploration(6). The researchers noticed an emerging pattern that flights for foraging generally were restricted to only one patch at a time. In contrast, bees making exploration trips traveled over a wider range, but these trips were less frequent. This is important information because bees are primary pollinators for many flowering plants. The pattern of flight impacts the cross-pollination of plants, as well as how disease may potentially spread via these insects. It is also important because a deeper understanding of the behavior and flight paths of bees may help in conservation efforts to protect them. 

]]> 2018-03-05 04:36:15 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/237927519 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/238424213 In a 2016 study, harmonic radar was used to track Asian yellow-legged hornets, which are an invasive species of hornets in Europe(4). These hornets were threatening Europe's honeybee population. Previous population control attempts on the hornets were to catch individuals and kill them, but this attempt was futile due to high reproductive rates. Harmonic radar was used to tag individuals captured near honeybee hives and track the hornets back to nests, which tended to be in inconspicuous locations, and destroy the nests. This method was more effective in controlling the spread of the hornets, and, in effect, protecting Europe's honeybees. ]]> 2018-03-06 01:55:27 UTC https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/238424213 crystalkurkae64fyr https://padlet.com/crystalkurkae64fyr/ptaa2ri5f5z4/wish/238976964 1. Boiteau, G., Vincent, C., Meloche, F., & Leskey, T. C. (2010). Harmonic Radar: Assessing the Impact of Tag Weight on Walking Activity of Colorado Potato Beetle, Plum Curculio, and Western Corn Rootworm. Journal Of Economic Entomology, 103(1), 63-69. doi:10.1603/EC09113

2. Boiteau, G., Vincent, C., Meloche, F., Leskey, T. C., & Colpitts, B. G. (2011). Harmonic radar: efficacy at detecting and recovering insects on agricultural host plants. Pest Management Science, 67(2), 213-219. doi:10.1002/PS.2054

3. Mein, S. & Nebel, S. (2012) The Use of Radar in the Study of Animal Migration. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):76

4. Milanesio, D., Saccani, M., Maggiora, R., Laurino, D., & Porporato, M. (2016). Design of an harmonic radar for the tracking of the Asian yellow‐legged hornet. Ecology and Evolution, 6(7), 2170–2178. http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2011

5. Riley, J., & Smith, A. (2002). Design considerations for an harmonic radar to investigate the flight of insects at low altitude. Computers & Electronics In Agriculture, 35(2/3), 151


6. Woodgate JL, Makinson JC, Lim KS, Reynolds AM, Chittka L (2016) Life-Long Radar Tracking of Bumblebees. PLoS ONE 11(8): e0160333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160333

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